Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/wardah

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

Cognate with Sanskrit वर्ध (várdha, “increasing”), Sanskrit वृध् (vṛ́dh, “growth”).

Noun

*wardah m^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]

flower, rose
shrub

Inflection

masculine a-stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*wardah	*wardā	*wardā
vocative	*warda	*wardā	*wardā
accusative	*wardam	*wardā	*wardānh
instrumental	*wardā	*wardaybyaH	*wardāyš
ablative	*wardāt	*wardaybyaH	*wardaybyah
dative	*wardāy	*wardaybyaH	*wardaybyah
genitive	*wardahya	*wardayāh	*wardānam
locative	*warday	*wardayaw	*wardayšu

Alternative reconstructions

*wr̥dah^[1]^[3]

Descendants

Central Iranian:
- Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬜𐬀 (var^əδa, “rose, shrub”)
Northeastern Iranian:
- Proto-Scythian: *wardi
  - Proto-Saka-Wakhi: *wardi
    - Khotanese: (vala, “rose”)
- Sogdo-Bactrian:
  - Khwarezmian: pl (wrδc, “flower”)
  - Sogdian: (/⁠ward⁠/, “rose”)
    Manichaean script: 𐫇𐫡𐫔𐫎𐫏𐫏 pl (wrδṯyy)
    
    Sogdian script: 𐼴𐽀𐼹 (wrδ)
Southeastern Iranian:
- Pashto: *wāray
  - ⇒ Pashto: پلواری (palwāray, “tea rose”), پلواړی (palwāṛay)
- Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami-Munji: *wurdīgæ
  - Proto-Munji-Yidgha: (“shrub”)
    - Munji: (wulīɣa)
    - Yidgha: (wulyeɣo)
Northwestern Iranian:
- Central Kurdish: گوڵ (gull, “flower”)
- Medo-Parthian:
  - Middle Median: *wāl
    - Semnani: (väl), (välä)
    - Tati: (vel)
  - Parthian: 𐫇𐫀𐫡 (wʾr /⁠wār⁠/, “flower”)
  - Zaza-Gorani:
    - Zazaki: vıl
Southwestern Iranian:
- Old Persian: *vr̥dah
  - Middle Persian: (gwl), (WLTʾ /⁠gul⁠/)
    - Classical Persian: گُل (gul) (see there for further descendants)
  - → Aramaic:
    Imperial Aramaic: 𐡅𐡀𐡓𐡃𐡀 (wardā, wurdā)
    Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: ורדא (wardā, wurdā)
    - Classical Syriac: ܘܪܕܐ (wardā)
    - → Arabic: وَرْد (ward)
    - → Hebrew: וֶרֶד (vered)
  - → Old Armenian: վարդ (vard)
    - Armenian: վարդ (vard)
    - →? Georgian: ვარდი (vardi)
  - → Ancient Greek: ῥόδον (rhódon), βρόδον (bródon) — Aeolic, ϝρόδον (wródon) — Aeolic
    - Greek: ρόδο (ródo)
    - ⇒ New Latin: rhodium (see there for further descendants)
    - →? Oscan:
      - →? Latin: rosa (see there for further descendants)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Cathcart, Chundra Aroor (2015) Iranian Dialectology and Dialectometry (PhD dissertation)‎, Berkeley: University of California at Berkeley, page 32: “PIr *u̯(a)r̥da-”
^ Gharib, B. (1995) “wrδ¹”, in Sogdian dictionary: Sogdian–Persian–English, Tehran: Farhangan Publications, page 411: “*warda”
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Novák, Ľubomír (2013) Problem of Archaism and Innovation in the Eastern Iranian Languages (PhD dissertation)‎, Prague: Univerzita Karlova v Praze, filozofická fakulta, page 180: “u̯arda-, *u̯r̥da-”
^ Bailey, H. W. (1979) “vala”, in Dictionary of Khotan Saka, Cambridge, London, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University press, page 378: “*varda-”
^ Bartholomae, Christian (1904) Altiranisches Wörterbuch [Old Iranian Dictionary]‎ (in German), Strassburg: K. J. Trübner, column 1369

[Cathcart-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Cathcart, Chundra Aroor (2015) Iranian Dialectology and Dialectometry (PhD dissertation)‎, Berkeley: University of California at Berkeley, page 32: “PIr *u̯(a)r̥da-”

[2] Gharib, B. (1995) “wrδ¹”, in Sogdian dictionary: Sogdian–Persian–English, Tehran: Farhangan Publications, page 411: “*warda”

[Novak-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Novák, Ľubomír (2013) Problem of Archaism and Innovation in the Eastern Iranian Languages (PhD dissertation)‎, Prague: Univerzita Karlova v Praze, filozofická fakulta, page 180: “u̯arda-, *u̯r̥da-”

[4] Bailey, H. W. (1979) “vala”, in Dictionary of Khotan Saka, Cambridge, London, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University press, page 378: “*varda-”

[5] Bartholomae, Christian (1904) Altiranisches Wörterbuch [Old Iranian Dictionary]‎ (in German), Strassburg: K. J. Trübner, column 1369

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