Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/xšiHrám

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *kšiHrám, possibly borrowed from the BMAC substrate.^[1]

Noun

*xšiHrám n^[2]^[3]^[4]

milk
Synonyms: *xšwiptah, *páyHah, *páyHmā

Inflection

neuter a-stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*xšiHrám	*xšiHráy	*xšiHráH
vocative	*xšiHrám	*xšiHráy	*xšiHráH
accusative	*xšiHrám	*xšiHráy	*xšiHráH
instrumental	*xšiHrā́	*xšiHráybyaH	*xšiHrā́yš
ablative	*xšiHrā́t	*xšiHráybyaH	*xšiHráybyah
dative	*xšiHrā́y	*xšiHráybyaH	*xšiHráybyah
genitive	*xšiHráhya	*xšiHráyāh	*xšiHrā́nam
locative	*xšiHráy	*xšiHráyaw	*xšiHráyšu

Descendants

Northeastern Iranian:
- >? Khotanese: (tcīratsa, “sweet juice”) (+ *cyah?^[5])
- Ossetian: (/⁠(ā)xšēr⁠/)
  Digor Ossetian: ӕхсир (æxsir), хсир (xsir)
  
  Iron Ossetian: ӕхсыр (æxsyr), хсыр (xsyr)
Southeastern Iranian:
- - Pashto: شودې (šode)
- Proto-Munji-Yidgha:
  - Munji: خشیر (xšīr)
  - Yidgha: خشیره (xšīra)
Northwestern Iranian:
- Baluchi: شیر (šír)
- Kurdish:
  Central Kurdish: شیر (şîr)
  
  Northern Kurdish: şîr
  
  Southern Kurdish: شیر (şîr)
Southwestern Iranian:
- Middle Persian: (/⁠šīr⁠/)
  Manichaean script: 𐫢𐫏𐫡 (šyr), 𐫢𐫏𐫏𐫡 (šyyr)
  
  Book Pahlavi script: (HLḆA), (šyl)
  - Lurish:
    Northern Luri: شیر (šīr)
    
    Bakhtiari: شیر (šīr)
    
    Southern Luri: شیر (šīr)
  - Classical Persian: شیر (šīr)
    Dari: شیر (šir)
    
    Iranian Persian: شیر (šir)
    
    Tajik: шир (šir)
    - → Gilaki: شیر (šīr)
    - → Hindustani:
      Hindi: शीर (śīr)
      
      Urdu: شیر (šer)
    - → Ottoman Turkish: شیر (şîr)
      - Turkish: şir

References

^ Lubotsky, Alexander (1999) “The Indo-Iranian substratum”, in Early Contacts between Uralic and Indo-European: Linguistic and Archaeological Considerations‎, Helsinki
^
^{The template Template:R:ine:HCHIEL does not use the parameter(s): vol=I
Please see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.}Sadovski, Velizar (2017–2018) “Chapter VI: Iranian”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft ; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The lexicon of Iranian, page 582
^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) “ksīrá-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 433
^ Kim, Ronald I. (2007) “Two problems of Ossetic nominal morphology”, in Journal of Indo-European Studies and Historical Linguistics‎, volume 112, →DOI, →ISSN, page 50
^ Bailey, H. W. (1979) “tcīratsa”, in Dictionary of Khotan Saka, Cambridge, London, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University press, page 140

[1] Lubotsky, Alexander (1999) “The Indo-Iranian substratum”, in Early Contacts between Uralic and Indo-European: Linguistic and Archaeological Considerations‎, Helsinki

[2] {The template Template:R:ine:HCHIEL does not use the parameter(s): vol=I
Please see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.}Sadovski, Velizar (2017–2018) “Chapter VI: Iranian”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft ; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The lexicon of Iranian, page 582

[3] Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) “ksīrá-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 433

[4] Kim, Ronald I. (2007) “Two problems of Ossetic nominal morphology”, in Journal of Indo-European Studies and Historical Linguistics‎, volume 112, →DOI, →ISSN, page 50

[5] Bailey, H. W. (1979) “tcīratsa”, in Dictionary of Khotan Saka, Cambridge, London, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University press, page 140

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