Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/yugám

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *yugám, from Proto-Indo-European *yugóm.

Noun

*yugám n^[1]

yoke

Inflection

neuter a-stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*yugám	*yugáy	*yugáH
vocative	*yugám	*yugáy	*yugáH
accusative	*yugám	*yugáy	*yugáH
instrumental	*yugā́	*yugáybyaH	*yugā́yš
ablative	*yugā́t	*yugáybyaH	*yugáybyah
dative	*yugā́y	*yugáybyaH	*yugáybyah
genitive	*yugáhya	*yugáyāh	*yugā́nam
locative	*yugáy	*yugáyaw	*yugáyšu

Related terms

*yáwgah (“yoke”)^[2] (< PII *yáwgas)

Derived terms

*frayugáH (“yoke-rope”)^[2] (+ *fra-)

Descendants

Central Iranian:
- Avestan: *yuua
  - Avestan: 𐬫𐬎𐬫𐬋𐬯𐬆𐬨𐬌 (yuyōsəmi)
Northeastern Iranian:
- Sogdian: (yɣw)
- Yagnobi: (yuɣ)
Southeastern Iranian:
- Pashto: جغ (źëǧ, juǧ), جوغ (źuǧ), ځغ (źeǧ), زغ (zëǧ)
- Ishkashimi: (yōɣ)
- Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami: *yuɣ
  - Proto-Shughni-Roshani:
    - Sarikoli: yuɣ
    - Shughni: йуғ (yuɣ), (Bartangi, Oroshori, Roshani) йӯғ (yūɣ), йоғ (yōɣ)
  - Yazghulami: йоғ (yoɣ)
Northwestern Iranian:
- Northern Kurdish: cûk (ǰūk)
- → Classical Persian: یوغ (yūğ), یغ (yōğ), یو (yū)
  - Dari: یوغ (yūğ)
  - Iranian Persian: یوغ (yuğ)
  - Tajik: юғ (yuġ)
Southwestern Iranian:
- Classical Persian: جوغ (ǰūğ)
  - Shakhdari: جغ (ǰoğ)
  - Iranian Persian: جغ (ǰoğ)

References

^ Edelʹman, D. I. (2011) “*i̭uga-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), volume IV, Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, pages 103-104
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Morgenstierne, Georg (1938) Iranian Pamir Languages (Indo-Iranian Frontier Languages), volume II, Oslo: Instituttet for Sammenlignende Kulturforskning; H. Aschehoug & Co. (W. Nygaard)

[1] Edelʹman, D. I. (2011) “*i̭uga-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), volume IV, Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, pages 103-104

[IIFL-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Morgenstierne, Georg (1938) Iranian Pamir Languages (Indo-Iranian Frontier Languages), volume II, Oslo: Instituttet for Sammenlignende Kulturforskning; H. Aschehoug & Co. (W. Nygaard)

[1]

[2]