Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/trozeō
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This Proto-Italic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Italic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *tros-éye-ti, a causative made to the root *tres- (“to tremble”).[1]
Verb
*trozeō
Conjugation
| Inflection of *trozeō (second conjugation causative) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Present | *trozeō | |
| Perfect | — | |
| Aorist | — | |
| Past participle | *trozetos | |
| Present indicative | Active | Passive |
| 1st sing. | *trozeō | *trozeōr |
| 2nd sing. | *trozēs | *trozēzo |
| 3rd sing. | *trozēt | *trozētor |
| 1st plur. | *trozēmos | *trozēmor |
| 2nd plur. | *trozētes | *trozēm(e?)n(ai?) |
| 3rd plur. | *trozeont | *trozeontor |
| Present subjunctive | Active | Passive |
| 1st sing. | *trozeām | *trozeār |
| 2nd sing. | *trozeās | *trozeāzo |
| 3rd sing. | *trozeād | *trozeātor |
| 1st plur. | *trozeāmos | *trozeāmor |
| 2nd plur. | *trozeātes | *trozeām(e?)n(ai?) |
| 3rd plur. | *trozeānd | *trozeāntor |
| Perfect indicative | Active | |
| 1st sing. | — | |
| 2nd sing. | — | |
| 3rd sing. | — | |
| 1st plur. | — | |
| 2nd plur. | — | |
| 3rd plur. | — | |
| Aorist indicative | Active | |
| 1st sing. | — | |
| 2nd sing. | — | |
| 3rd sing. | — | |
| 1st plur. | — | |
| 2nd plur. | — | |
| 3rd plur. | — | |
| Present imperative | Active | Passive |
| 2nd sing. | *trozē | *trozēzo |
| 2nd plur. | *trozēte | — |
| Future imperative | Active | |
| 2nd + 3rd sing. | *trozētōd | |
| Participles | Present | Past |
| *trozēnts | *trozetos | |
| Verbal nouns | tu-derivative | s-derivative |
| *trozetum | *trozēzi | |
Reconstruction notes
Latin and Umbrian display special phonetic developments in this verb.
- Latin has the syncopation of the vowel between rhotic and sibilant with subsequent e-insertion. This development more commonly occurs word-finally, e.g. from *ātros (“black”) to āter and *agros (“field”) to ager.
- Umbrian is more difficult to explain. It shares same the post-rhotic syncope and e-insertion process as Latin (see 𐌀𐌂𐌄𐌓 (acer), from *agros), making the -u- in Umbrian awkward.
- This does not deter De Vaan, however, from claiming that the u (< Proto-Sabellic *-o-) was inserted after post-rhotic syncope instead of expected -e-.
- Nussbaum and Onishi try to derive the Umbrian verb from the zero-grade of the root, which suffers from breaking the morphological norm of causative/iterative verbs taking o-grade in Indo-European. Additionally, this isolates Latin terreō, as one would expect torreō (which coincidentally exists in Latin as a completely unrelated verb) from the zero-grade.
Descendants
References
- ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “terreō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 617