Reconstruction:Proto-Norse/ᚹᚢᚱᚲᛁᛃᚨᚾ

This Proto-Norse entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Inherited from Proto-Germanic *wurkijaną, from Proto-Indo-European *wr̥ǵyéti,

*ᚹᚢᚱᚲᛁᛃᚨᚾ (*wurkijan)

1. to work, compose
   • c. 200–400, Tune stone^[1]

     ᛖᚲᚹᛁᚹᚨᛉᚨᚠᛏᛖᚱ᛫ᚹᛟᛞᚢᚱᛁ ¶ ᛞᛖᚹᛁᛏᚨᛞᚨᚺᚨᛚᚨᛁᛒᚨᚾ ᛬ ᚹᛟᚱᚨᚺᛏᛟ ᛬ ᚱ[ ] […]

     ekwiwaʀafter·woduri ¶ dewitadahalaiban : worahto : r[ ] […]

     /ek Wīwaʀ after Wōdurīdē witandahᵃlaiban worᵃhtō r /

     I Wīwaʀ, in memory of Wōdurīdaʀ, (my) lord, wrought the r

   • c. 200–500, By runestone^[2]

     ᛖᚲᛁᚱᛁᛚᚨᛉᚺᚱᛟᛉᚨᛉᚺᚱᛟᛉᛖᛉᛟᚱᛏᛖᚦᚨᚾᚨᛉᛁᚾᚨ […]

     ekirilaʀhroʀaʀhroʀeʀorteþanaʀina […]

     /ek irilaʀ Hrōʀaʀ Hrōʀēʀ ortē þan aʀina /

     I, the earl Hrōʀaʀ, son/descendant of Hrōʀaʀ, wrought this hearthstone

   • c. 440–560, inscription on the Tjurkö 1 bracteate^[3]:

     ᚹᚢᚱᛏᛖᚱᚢᚾᛟᛉᚨᚾᚹᚨᛚᚺᚨᚲᚢᚱᚾᛖ ᛫᛫ ᚺᛖᛚᛞᚨᛉᚲᚢᚾᛁᛗᚢᛞᛁᚢ ᛫᛫᛫

     wurterunoʀanwalhakurne ·· heldaʀkunimudiu ···

     /wurtē rūnōʀ · an walhakurnē,
     Heldaʀ Kunimundiu/

     Heldaʀ wrought the runes on the foreign/Roman grain for Kunimunduʀ.

• (infinitive) — *ᚹᚢᚱᚲᛁᛃᚨᚾ (*wurkijan)
• (first-person singular past active indicative) — ᚹᛟᚱᚨᚺᛏᛟ (worahto /⁠worᵃhtō⁠/)
• (third-person singular past active indicative) — ᚹᚢᚱᛏᛖ (wurte /⁠wurtē⁠/), ᛟᚱᛏᛖ (orte /⁠ortē⁠/)

• *ᚹᚢᚱᚲᛁᛃᚨᛉ (*wurkijaʀ, “worker, composer”, agen noun)

• Old Norse: yrkja
  • Icelandic: yrkja, orka
  • Faroese: yrkja, orka
  • Norwegian:
    • Norwegian Bokmål: yrke, orke
    • Norwegian Nynorsk: yrkja, yrke, orka, orke
  • Elfdalian: yrtja, uorka
  • Old Swedish: yrkia, orka
    • Swedish: yrka, orka
  • Old Danish: yrkæ, orkæ
    • Danish: ørke, orke
  • Old Gutnish: yrkia, orka
    • Gutnish: yrke, orke
  • → Middle English: irken
    • English: irk