Reconstruction:Proto-Ryukyuan/yoki

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 This Proto-Ryukyuan entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Ryukyuan

Etymology 1

From Proto-Japonic *yoki (“hail, snow”).

As it does not snow in the Ryukyu Islands, most dialects, particularly Okinawan, use this word with the meaning 'hail'.

Noun

*yoki

  1. (precipitation) hail
  2. snow
Descendants
  • Northern Ryukyuan: 유기 (/ju.ki/) (Haytong Ceykwukki, 1501)
    • Kikai: 雪 (yuchi)
    • Kunigami: 雪 (yuchī)
    • Northern Amami Ōshima: 雪 (yuki-, in compounds)
    • Okinawan: 雪 (yuchi)
    • Okinoerabu: 雪 (yuki)
    • Southern Amami Ōshima: 雪 (yuk)
    • Tokunoshima: 雪 (yuki)
  • Southern Ryukyuan:
    • Miyako: 雪 (yukɿ)
    • Yonaguni: 雪 (duti)

Etymology 2

Cognate with Japanese 斧 (yoki, “hatchet”, obsolete or dialectal). Presumably from Proto-Japonic, but the word is attested too late to precisely reconstruct a vowel.

The vowel lengthening in some Northern Ryukyuan dialects and the medial -i- in the Yoron Mugiya Higashi-ku dialect suggests an earlier derivation *yo(C)Vki.

Pronunciation

  • Tone class: irregular

Noun

*yoki

  1. hatchet
Descendants
  • Northern Ryukyuan:
    • Amami:
      • Tokunoshima:
        • Asama: ユーキ (jùː⸢kí, tone class C)
        • Kametsu: ユキ (jú⸣kɪ̀, tone class C)
      • Okinoerabu:
        • China: ユーキ (jùː⸢kʰí, tone class A)
        • Wadomari: ユッチ (jùt⸢tɕí, tone class A)
      • Yoron:
        • Mugiya Higashi-ku: ユイキ (/⁠⸢júíkí⁠/, tone class C)
    • Okinawan:
      • Kunigami (Northern Okinawa):
        • Ie: ユチ (/⁠jútɕí⸣⁠/)
        • Nakijin: ユチ (/⁠jú⸣tʑì⁠/, “hammer”, tone class C)
      • Southern Okinawa:
        • Shuri: ユーチ (/⁠⸢júːtɕí⁠/, tone class C)
  • Southern Ryukyuan (Sakishima):
    • Miyako:
      • Hirara: ユキゥ (/⁠jukɿ⁠/)
      • Ikema: ユキゥ (/⁠jutsɿ⁠/, tone class B)
      • Irabu:
      • Tarama-Minna:
        • Minna: ユキ (/⁠juki⁠/, tone class A)
        • Tarama: ユキゥ (/⁠jukɿ⁠/, tone class A)
    • Yaeyama:
      • Nuclear-Yaeyama:
        • Hatoma: ユッキ (/⁠⸢júkkí⁠/, tone class BC)
        • Ishigaki: ユキゥ (/⁠jú⸣kɨ̀⁠/, tone class A)
        • Taketomi: ユキ (/⁠juki⁠/)
      • Yonaguni: ドゥティ (/⁠dùtî⁠/, tone class C)
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