Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan/ʔit

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This Proto-Sino-Tibetan entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Sino-Tibetan

Etymology

  • Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *ʔjit (Coblin, 1986)
    • Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *ʔit (Matisoff, STEDT); *it (Benedict, 1972)

There is no single general root for one in Sino-Tibetan languages, in sharp contradistinction to the cases of numerals 2-9, for each of which a single etymon overwhelmingly predominates. This root is only found at the periphery of the Sino-Tibetan area and may therefore be quite old. The more common root for one is *tjak ~ g-t(j)ik.

Benedict (1972) set up this etymon on the basis of only two forms: Kanawari and Written Burmese, and identified it as cognate to Old Chinese.

Matisoff (1997) posits *-i- ~ -ya- variational pattern in this etymon (akin to *tjak ~ g-t(j)ik (one), *gip ~ gjap (ten) and perhaps *riŋ ~ rjaŋ (ten), op. cit.) and considers this root to be etymologically cognate with *kat (one).

Some Eastern Min dialects use as the colloquial word for the numeral one, e.g. Fuzhou /soʔ⁵/, Fuqing /θyo⁵³/. Hokkien also has a similar-shaped word, e.g. Amoy /t͡ɕit̚⁵/.

Numeral

*ʔit

  1. one

Descendants

  • Old Chinese: (*ʔit (B-S); *qlig (ZS))
    (in the oracle bone script)

    Proto-Hmong-Mien*ʔɨ (one)
    (White Hmong (RPA): ib)

    • Middle Chinese: /ʔiɪt/

      Thai: เอ็ด (èt, one (used as final digit, as in สิบเอ็ด (sìp-èt)))
      Lao: ເອັດ (ʼet, one (used as final digit, as in ສິບເອັດ (sip ʼet)))

      • Mandarin
        • Beijing: , /i⁵⁵/
        • Northeastern
          • Harbin: /i⁴⁴/
          • Jilin: /i⁴⁴/
          • Changchun: /i⁴⁴/
          • Shenyang: /i³³/
        • Jilu
          • Tianjin: /i⁴²/
          • Jinan: /i²¹³/
        • Jiaoliao
          • Qingdao: /i⁵⁵/
          • Dalian: /i²¹³/
          • Weihai: /i⁵³/
        • Zhongyuan
          • Xi’an: /i²¹/
          • Zhengzhou: /i²⁴/
          • Yinchuan: /i¹³/
        • Jin
          • Taiyuan: /ieʔ²/
        • Southwestern
          • Chengdu-Chongqing: yi2 /i²¹/
          • Wuhan: /i²¹³/
          • Guiyang: /i²¹/
          • Kunming: /i⁴²/
        • Jianghuai
          • Nanjing: i5 /iʔ⁵/
          • Hefei: /ieʔ⁴/
          • Yangzhou: /ieʔ⁴/
      • Yue
        • Guangzhou-Hong Kong: jat1 /jɐt̚⁵/
        • Taishan: /zit̚⁵/
      • Hakka
        • Meixian: yid5 /it̚¹/
      • Gan
        • Nanchang: /it̚⁵/
      • Xiang
        • Changsha: /i²⁴/
        • Shuangfeng: /i¹³/
      • Wu
        • Shanghai: iq7 /iɪʔ⁴/
        • Suzhou: iq7 /iəʔ⁴³/
        • Ningbo: iq7 /iɪʔ⁵/
        • Hangzhou: iq7 /iəʔ⁵/
        • Taizhou: iq7 /iəʔ⁵/
        • Wenzhou: iai7 /iai³²³/
    • Min
      • Southern
        • Hokkien: it /it̚³/
        • Teoswa: ig4 /ik̚²/
      • Eastern
        • Hokchiu: ék /eiʔ²³/
      • Northern
        • Jian’ou: ĭ /i²⁴/
  • Himalayish
    • Tibeto-Kanauri
      • Western Himalayish
        • Kinnauri: id (one)
    • Mahakiranti
      • Kham-Magar-Chepang-Sunwar
  • Tangut-Qiang
    • Northern Tangut
      • Tangut: 𘂪 (*dzjij², one, single); 𗖌 (*gjɨ², one, some, a)
  • Lolo-Burmese-Naxi
    • Lolo-Burmese
      • Burmish
        • Written Burmese: အစ် (ac, unit, one) (Benedict, 1976, RDWB)