Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan/kəw-n/t

This Proto-Sino-Tibetan entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

• Proto-Sino-Tibetan: ?
  • Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *kəw-n/t (Matisoff, STEDT; Mortensen, 2012); *kuw (Benedict, 1972); *kəw (Chou, 1972); *kəw, *kuw (Weidert, 1987)

*t

1. smoke

• Old Chinese: 熏 /*qʰun/ (B-S & ZS) ("to smoke, to fumigate"); 葷 / 荤 /*qʰun/ (B-S & ZS) ("strong smelling vegetables")
  • Middle Chinese: 熏 (xjun, /hɨun/), 葷 / 荤 (xjun, /hɨun/)

5=hun

**:

→ Japanese: 熏 (くん, ​kun)
Korean: 훈 (熏, hun)
Vietnamese: hun, huân (熏)

5=hun

**:

→ Japanese: 葷 (くん, ぐん, ​kun, gun)
Korean: 훈 (葷, hun)
Vietnamese: huân, hôi (葷)

• • • Modern Chinese
      • Beijing: 熏 (xūn, /ɕyn⁵⁵/); 荤 (hūn, /xu̯ən⁵⁵/)
      • Cantonese: 熏 (/fɐn⁵⁵/); 荤 (/fɐn⁵⁵/)
  • Min Nan
    • Xiamen: 熏 (/hun⁴⁴/); 荤 (/hun⁴⁴/)
• Proto-Kuki-Chin: *khuu
  • Central
    • Mizo: khu, khûk (“to smoke”)
  • Khomic
    • Khumi Chin: khü
  • Northern
    • Zou: hu
• Himalayish
  • Mahakiranti
    • Kiranti
      • Eastern Kiranti
        • Greater Yakkha
          • Yakkha: मिखुॽवा (mikʰuʔwa, “smoke”)
          • Athpare: मिखुमा (mikʰuma, “smoke”)
        • Upper Arun River
          • Yamphu: मक्खु (makkhu, “smoke”)
          • Northern Lorung: मॆख्‍खुमा (mɛkkʰuma, “smoke”)
      • Western Kiranti
        • Dumi: मीखुमा (mikʰuma, “smoke”)
        • Khaling: मिक्‍मो़ (mikmö, “smoke”)
• Tangut-Qiang
  • rGyalrongic
    • Situ: (ta)kʰuʔ (“smoke; cigarette”)
• Jingpho-Asakian
  • Jingpho
    • Jingpho : wanhkut (“smoke”, noun)
• Lolo-Burmese-Naxi
  • Lolo-Burmese: *kuw² (“smoke”), *muw² + kuw² (“smoke”) (Matisoff, 1978)
    • Burmish
      • Written Burmese: ခိုး (hkui:, “(of smoke) to cause eyes to smart”) (> အခိုး (a.hkui:, “vapour, smoke, fume”), မီးခိုး (mi:hkui:, “smoke”, noun))
    • Proto-Loloish: *ko² (Bradley, 1979)
      • Northern Loloish
        • Yi (Liangshan): ꃅꇴ (mu gu, “smoke”, noun)
      • Central Loloish
        • Lisu (Southern): ꓟꓴꓽ ꓘꓴꓽ (mù kʰù, “smoke; tobacco”, noun)
• Karenic: *khúq (“to smoke (as fire)”) (Jones, 1961)
  • S'gaw Karen: ခုၣ် (khù, “smoke, vapour”)