Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan/kləj

This Proto-Sino-Tibetan entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

• Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *xryid (Coblin, 1986)
  • Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *kləy (Matisoff, STEDT); *kliy (Benedict, 1972; Weidert, 1987); *klyiy (*B) (Coblin, 1986); *kləy (Chou, 1972)

This root is sometimes thought to be related with Proto-Tai *C̬.qɯjᶜ (“excrement”), whence Thai ขี้ (kîi) and Zhuang haex (Schuessler, 2007). Also note the resemblance with Proto-Sino-Tibetan *krəj (“dirt, filth”) (whence Burmese ကြေး (kre:, “grime, dirt”)) (STEDT).

*kləj

1. shit, dung, excrement

• Old Chinese: 屎 (*qʰijʔ, *l̥ij (B-S), *hliʔ, *hri (ZS), “shit, dung, excrement”)
  • Middle Chinese: 屎 (ɕɣiɪX, hiɪ)
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    → Japanese: 屎 (し, ​shi)
    Korean: 시 (屎, si)
    Vietnamese: thỉ (屎)

    • Modern Mandarin
      • Beijing: 屎 (shǐ), /ʂʐ̩²¹⁴/)
    • Cantonese
      • Guangzhou: 屎 /ɕiː³⁵/
    • Wu
      • Shanghai: 屎 /sz̩³⁴/
  • Min
    • Min Nan
      • Taiwan: 屎 /sai⁵¹/ (colloquial), /su⁵¹/ (literary)
• Kamarupan
  • "Naga"
    • Northern Naga: *CⓁ-kləy (French, 1983)
• Himalayish
  • Tibeto-Kanauri
    • Bodic
      • Tibetan
        • Written Tibetan: ལྕི་བ (lci ba, “dung (esp. of cow)”) (via Conrady's law + Coblin's law)
    • Tamangic: *kli¹ (Mazaudon, 1978)
  • Mahakiranti: *khli (Michaelovsky, 1991)
• Jingpho-Asakian
  • Jingpho
    • Jingpho : hkyi (“excrement”)
• Tangut-Qiang
  • Northern Tangut
    • Tangut: 𘉳 (*lhjị²)
• Lolo-Burmese-Naxi
  • Lolo-Burmese
    • Burmish
      • Old Burmese: ခ္လိယ် (hkliy, “excrement”)
        • Written Burmese: ချေး (hkye:, “excrement, faeces”) (> အချေး (a.hkye:, “excrement”))
    • Proto-Loloish: *ʔ/k(l)e² (Bradley, 1979)
      • Northern Loloish
        • Yi (Liangshan): ꑭ (xy, “excrement, faeces”) (> ꑭꒉ (xy yy, “liquid excrement”))
      • Central Loloish
        • Lisu (Southern): ꓛꓲꓽ (tʃʰì, “dung, faeces”), also ꓞꓲꓽ (tsʰɨ̀, “faeces”)
• Karenic:
  • S'gaw Karen: ခံပူၤ (khee poō, “anus”)

• *e(k) (“shit”)
• *s-n(j)ik ~ s-n(j)ek (“filthy, excrement”)
• *g-ts(j)i-t/n (“urine”)