Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan/p(r)ak ~ r-pak

This Proto-Sino-Tibetan entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

• Proto-Sino-Tibetan: ?
  • Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *p(r)ak ⪤ *r-pak (Matisoff, STEDT)

*p(r)ak ~ r-pak

1. shoulder, (upper) arm

• Old Chinese: 髆 (bó), 拍 (*paːg (ZS), “shoulder blade”), *胉 (*paːg, *praːg, *pʰraːg (ZS), “shoulder blade”)
  • Middle Chinese: 髆 (bó) /pwɑk/, 膊 /pʰwɑk/
    • Modern Mandarin
      • Beijing: 胳膊 (gēbo) ("arm") (gēbo, /kɤ⁵⁵ bɔ²/)
    • Cantonese
      • Guangzhou: 膊頭 / 膊头 ("shoulder") (bok³ tau⁴)
• Himalayish
  • Tibeto-Kanauri
    • Bodic
      • Tibetan
        • Written Tibetan: ཕྲག་པ (phrag pa, “shoulder”) (> ཕྲག་གོང (phrag gong, “upper arm”))
  • Mahakiranti
    • Kiranti
      • Western Kiranti
        • Dumi: बक्‍त (bʌktʌ, “shoulder”), बक्‍ता (bʌkta), वक्‍त (wʌktʌ)
        • Khaling: भाता (bhaataa, “shoulder”)
      • Eastern Kiranti
        • Athpare: फाक्टाङ् (pʰakʈaŋ‌‌, “shoulder”)
        • Northern Lorung: बाक्‍टाङ् (bakʈaŋ, “shoulder”)
        • Yakkha: फाक्‍ताङ् (phaaktaang, “shoulder”)
        • Yamphu: फक्‍टाङ (phakṭāṅ, “shoulder”), अक्‍टाङ (akṭāṅ), हाक्‍टाङ (hākṭāṅ)
• Tangut-Qiang
  • rGyalrongic
    • Situ: ta rpak (“shoulder”)
• Jingpho-Asakian
  • Jingpho
    • Jingpho: hpa, lahpa, kahpa (“shoulder”)
• Sal
  • Bodo-Garo
    • Garo: pakkre (“shoulder”), pakkrong (“shoulder”)
• Lolo-Burmese-Naxi
  • Lolo-Burmese
    • Burmish
      • Written Burmese: perhaps ပခုံး (pa.hkum:, “shoulder”)

• *pwaŋ (“(upper) arm; shoulder”)
• *baw (“shoulder < *round part”), *bu (“ball, egg, round object”)
• Proto-Indo-European: *bʰāǵʰus (“forearm, elbow”) (> Ancient Greek πῆχυς (pêkhus)); also Latin bracchium (“forearm”); Ancient Greek βραχίων (brakhíōn, “arm”).