Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/žestъ
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This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Slavic
Etymology
See Proto-Slavic *žestokъ.
Adjective
*žestъ
Declension
Indefinite declension of *žestъ (hard)
| singular | masculine | feminine | neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *žestъ | *žesta | *žesto |
| genitive | *žesta | *žesty | *žesta |
| dative | *žestu | *žestě | *žestu |
| accusative | *žestъ | *žestǫ | *žesto |
| instrumental | *žestomь | *žestojǫ | *žestomь |
| locative | *žestě | *žestě | *žestě |
| vocative | *žeste | *žesto | *žesto |
| dual | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *žesta | *žestě | *žestě |
| genitive | *žestu | *žestu | *žestu |
| dative | *žestoma | *žestama | *žestoma |
| accusative | *žesta | *žestě | *žestě |
| instrumental | *žestoma | *žestama | *žestoma |
| locative | *žestu | *žestu | *žestu |
| vocative | *žesta | *žestě | *žestě |
| plural | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *žesti | *žesty | *žesta |
| genitive | *žestъ | *žestъ | *žestъ |
| dative | *žestomъ | *žestamъ | *žestomъ |
| accusative | *žesty | *žesty | *žesta |
| instrumental | *žesty | *žestami | *žesty |
| locative | *žestěxъ | *žestaxъ | *žestěxъ |
| vocative | *žesti | *žesty | *žesta |
Definite declension of *žestъ (hard)
| singular | masculine | feminine | neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *žestъjь | *žestaja | *žestoje |
| genitive | *žestajego | *žestyję̇ | *žestajego |
| dative | *žestujemu | *žestěji | *žestujemu |
| accusative | *žestъjь | *žestǫjǫ | *žestoje |
| instrumental | *žestyjimь | *žestǫjǫ | *žestyjimь |
| locative | *žestějemь | *žestěji | *žestějemь |
| vocative | *žestъjь | *žestaja | *žestoje |
| dual | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *žestaja | *žestěji | *žestěji |
| genitive | *žestuju | *žestuju | *žestuju |
| dative | *žestyjima | *žestyjima | *žestyjima |
| accusative | *žestaja | *žestěji | *žestěji |
| instrumental | *žestyjima | *žestyjima | *žestyjima |
| locative | *žestuju | *žestuju | *žestuju |
| vocative | *žestaja | *žestěji | *žestěji |
| plural | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *žestiji | *žestyję̇ | *žestaja |
| genitive | *žestъjixъ | *žestъjixъ | *žestъjixъ |
| dative | *žestyjimъ | *žestyjimъ | *žestyjimъ |
| accusative | *žestyję̇ | *žestyję̇ | *žestaja |
| instrumental | *žestyjimi | *žestyjimi | *žestyjimi |
| locative | *žestyjixъ | *žestyjixъ | *žestyjixъ |
| vocative | *žestiji | *žestyję̇ | *žestaja |
Derived terms
- *žestъkъ (“hard, rigid”), *žestokъ (“hard, harsh, bitter, severe”) (k-extensions)
- *žestěti, *žestiti (“to harden, to stiffen”)
- *žestostь (“hardness, severity”)
- *žestyľь, *žestika (“type of maple”) (South Slavic)
- *žestosьrdъ (“ungrateful”) (literally: stone-hearted)
Related terms
Descendants
Further reading
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “жёсткий”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress