Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/tvьrdъ
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This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Slavic
Etymology
From Proto-Balto-Slavic *twírtas, from Proto-Indo-European *twerH-.
Baltic cognates include Lithuanian tvi̇̀rtas, Latvian tvir̂ts (“strong, firm, solid”).
Adjective
*tvь̑rdъ
Declension
Accent paradigm c.
| singular | masculine | feminine | neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *tvьrdъ | *tvьrda | *tvьrdo |
| genitive | *tvьrda | *tvьrdy | *tvьrda |
| dative | *tvьrdu | *tvьrdě | *tvьrdu |
| accusative | *tvьrdъ | *tvьrdǫ | *tvьrdo |
| instrumental | *tvьrdomь | *tvьrdojǫ | *tvьrdomь |
| locative | *tvьrdě | *tvьrdě | *tvьrdě |
| vocative | *tvьrde | *tvьrdo | *tvьrdo |
| dual | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *tvьrda | *tvьrdě | *tvьrdě |
| genitive | *tvьrdu | *tvьrdu | *tvьrdu |
| dative | *tvьrdoma | *tvьrdama | *tvьrdoma |
| accusative | *tvьrda | *tvьrdě | *tvьrdě |
| instrumental | *tvьrdoma | *tvьrdama | *tvьrdoma |
| locative | *tvьrdu | *tvьrdu | *tvьrdu |
| vocative | *tvьrda | *tvьrdě | *tvьrdě |
| plural | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *tvьrdi | *tvьrdy | *tvьrda |
| genitive | *tvьrdъ | *tvьrdъ | *tvьrdъ |
| dative | *tvьrdomъ | *tvьrdamъ | *tvьrdomъ |
| accusative | *tvьrdy | *tvьrdy | *tvьrda |
| instrumental | *tvьrdy | *tvьrdami | *tvьrdy |
| locative | *tvьrděxъ | *tvьrdaxъ | *tvьrděxъ |
| vocative | *tvьrdi | *tvьrdy | *tvьrda |
Antonyms
- *mękъkъ (“soft”)
See also
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- South Slavic:
- West Slavic:
References
- Derksen, Rick (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 501
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “твердый”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
- Chernykh, P. Ja. (1999) “твёрдый”, in Историко-этимологический словарь русского языка (in Russian), 3rd edition, volume 2 (панцирь – ящур), Moscow: Russian Lang., →ISBN, page 231