Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/gorьkъ
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This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Slavic
Etymology
From *goře (“sorrow, grief”) + *-ьkъ.
Adjective
- bitter (for taste)
- (figurative) sorrowful (for situation, emotion)
Declension
Indefinite declension of *gorьkъ (hard)
| singular | masculine | feminine | neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *gorьkъ | *gorьka | *gorьko |
| genitive | *gorьka | *gorьky | *gorьka |
| dative | *gorьku | *gorьkě | *gorьku |
| accusative | *gorьkъ | *gorьkǫ | *gorьko |
| instrumental | *gorьkomь | *gorьkojǫ | *gorьkomь |
| locative | *gorьkě | *gorьkě | *gorьkě |
| vocative | *gorьke | *gorьko | *gorьko |
| dual | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *gorьka | *gorьkě | *gorьkě |
| genitive | *gorьku | *gorьku | *gorьku |
| dative | *gorьkoma | *gorьkama | *gorьkoma |
| accusative | *gorьka | *gorьkě | *gorьkě |
| instrumental | *gorьkoma | *gorьkama | *gorьkoma |
| locative | *gorьku | *gorьku | *gorьku |
| vocative | *gorьka | *gorьkě | *gorьkě |
| plural | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *gorьki | *gorьky | *gorьka |
| genitive | *gorьkъ | *gorьkъ | *gorьkъ |
| dative | *gorьkomъ | *gorьkamъ | *gorьkomъ |
| accusative | *gorьky | *gorьky | *gorьka |
| instrumental | *gorьky | *gorьkami | *gorьky |
| locative | *gorьkěxъ | *gorьkaxъ | *gorьkěxъ |
| vocative | *gorьki | *gorьky | *gorьka |
Definite declension of *gorьkъ (hard)
| singular | masculine | feminine | neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *gorьkъjь | *gorьkaja | *gorьkoje |
| genitive | *gorьkajego | *gorьkyję̇ | *gorьkajego |
| dative | *gorьkujemu | *gorьkěji | *gorьkujemu |
| accusative | *gorьkъjь | *gorьkǫjǫ | *gorьkoje |
| instrumental | *gorьkyjimь | *gorьkǫjǫ | *gorьkyjimь |
| locative | *gorьkějemь | *gorьkěji | *gorьkějemь |
| vocative | *gorьkъjь | *gorьkaja | *gorьkoje |
| dual | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *gorьkaja | *gorьkěji | *gorьkěji |
| genitive | *gorьkuju | *gorьkuju | *gorьkuju |
| dative | *gorьkyjima | *gorьkyjima | *gorьkyjima |
| accusative | *gorьkaja | *gorьkěji | *gorьkěji |
| instrumental | *gorьkyjima | *gorьkyjima | *gorьkyjima |
| locative | *gorьkuju | *gorьkuju | *gorьkuju |
| vocative | *gorьkaja | *gorьkěji | *gorьkěji |
| plural | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *gorьkiji | *gorьkyję̇ | *gorьkaja |
| genitive | *gorьkъjixъ | *gorьkъjixъ | *gorьkъjixъ |
| dative | *gorьkyjimъ | *gorьkyjimъ | *gorьkyjimъ |
| accusative | *gorьkyję̇ | *gorьkyję̇ | *gorьkaja |
| instrumental | *gorьkyjimi | *gorьkyjimi | *gorьkyjimi |
| locative | *gorьkyjixъ | *gorьkyjixъ | *gorьkyjixъ |
| vocative | *gorьkiji | *gorьkyję̇ | *gorьkaja |
Derived terms
Related terms
- *gorěti (“to burn”)
- *žarъkъ (“fervent, scorching”)
- *gořьjь (“worse”) (technically the comperative degree of *gȍrьkъ)
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- South Slavic:
- West Slavic:
Further reading
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “го́рький”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
- Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1980), “*gorьkъ(jь)”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 7 (*golvačь – *gyžati), Moscow: Nauka, page 55
- Georgiev, Vladimir I., editor (1971), “горък”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 1 (А – З), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Pubg. House, →ISBN, page 266
References
- ^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*gorьkъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 180: “adj. o (c) ‘bitter’”
- ^ Olander, Thomas (2001) “gor(ъkъ)”, in Common Slavic Accentological Word List, Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “c bitter (PR 138)”
- ^ Snoj, Marko (2016) “górek”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar [Slovenian Etymology Dictionary] (in Slovene), 3rd edition, https://fran.si: “*gȍrьkъ”