Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/kïs-

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Etymology

Its relation to *kas- (“to squeeze, constrain”) is uncertain however Nişanyan considers them cognates.

Verb

*kïs-

(transitive) to squeeze

Conjugation

Conjugation of *kïs- (Common Turkic)

Note: Actual conjugations can be more complex than tables below. Compound forms with the auxiliary *er- not shown.

Positive

infinitive			*kïsmak
participle	present		*kïsgan, kïsïgma, kïsar
	past		*kïsduk, kïsmïš
	future		*kïsdačï, kïsmakčï, kïssïk, kïsačak
verbal noun			*kïsma, kïsïg, kïsgu
way of doing			*kïsïš
			singular			plural
			1^st person	2^nd person	3^rd person	1^st person	2^nd person	3^rd person
			*ben	*sen	*ol	*biz	*siz	*olar
indicative	aorist		*kïsar ben	*kïsar sen	*kïsar	*kïsar biz	*kïsar siz	*kïsar
	past	simple	*kïsdïm	*kïsdïŋ	*kïsdï	*kïsdïk, kïsdïmïz	*kïsdïŋïz	*kïsdï
	past	inferential	*kïsmïš ben	*kïsmïš sen	*kïsmïš	*kïsmïš biz	*kïsmïš siz	*kïsmïš
	future	simple	*kïsdačï ben, kïsmakčï ben, kïsačak ben	*kïsdačï sen, kïsmakčï sen, kïsačak sen	*kïsdačï, kïsmakčï, kïsačak	*kïsdačï biz, kïsmakčï biz, kïsačak biz	*kïsdačï siz, kïsmakčï siz, kïsačak siz	*kïsdačï, kïsmakčï, kïsačak
		predictive	*kïsgay ben	*kïsgay sen	*kïsgay	*kïsgay biz	*kïsgay siz	*kïsgay
		necessitive	*kïssïkïm	*kïssïkïŋ	*kïssïk	*kïssïkïmïz	*kïssïkïŋïz	*kïssïk
conditional			*kïssam, kïssar ben	*kïssaŋ, kïssar sen	*kïssa, kïssar	*kïssak, kïssamïz, kïssar biz	*kïssaŋïz, kïssar siz	*kïssalar, kïssar
optative			*kïsgay ben	*kïsgay sen	*kïsgay	*kïsgay biz	*kïsgay siz	*kïsgay
progressive			*kïsmakda ben	*kïsmakda sen	*kïsmakda	*kïsmakda biz	*kïsmakda siz	*kïsmakda
necessitative			*kïsmalïg ben	*kïsmalïg sen	*kïsmalïg	*kïsmalïg biz	*kïsmalïg siz	*kïsmalïg
imperative			*kïsayïn	*kïs, kïsgïl	*kïszun	*kïsalïm	*kïsïŋ	*kïszun

Negative

infinitive			*kïsmamak
participle	present		*kïsmagan, kïsmagma, kïsmaz
	past		*kïsmaduk, kïsmamïš
	future		*kïsmačï, kïsmasïk, kïsmayačak
verbal noun			*kïsmama, kïsmag, kïsmagu
way of doing			*kïsmayïš
			singular			plural
			1^st person	2^nd person	3^rd person	1^st person	2^nd person	3^rd person
			*ben	*sen	*ol	*biz	*siz	*olar
indicative	aorist		*kïsmaz ben	*kïsmaz sen	*kïsmaz	*kïsmaz biz	*kïsmaz siz	*kïsmaz
	past	simple	*kïsmadïm	*kïsmadïŋ	*kïsmadï	*kïsmadïk, kïsmadïmïz	*kïsmadïŋïz	*kïsmadï
	past	inferential	*kïsmamïš ben	*kïsmamïš sen	*kïsmamïš	*kïsmamïš biz	*kïsmamïš siz	*kïsmamïš
	future	simple	*kïsmačï ben, kïsmayačak ben	*kïsmačï sen, kïsmayačak sen	*kïsmačï, kïsmayačak	*kïsmačï biz, kïsmayačak biz	*kïsmačï siz, kïsmayačak siz	*kïsmačï, kïsmayačak
		predictive	*kïsmagay ben	*kïsmagay sen	*kïsmagay	*kïsmagay biz	*kïsmagay siz	*kïsmagay
		necessitive	*kïsmasïkïm	*kïsmasïkïŋ	*kïsmasïk	*kïsmasïkïmïz	*kïsmasïkïŋïz	*kïsmasïk
conditional			*kïsmasam, kïsmasar ben	*kïsmasaŋ, kïsmasar sen	*kïsmasa, kïsmasar	*kïsmasak, kïsmasamïz, kïsmasar biz	*kïsmasaŋïz, kïsmasar siz	*kïsmasalar, kïsmasar
optative			*kïsmagay ben	*kïsmagay sen	*kïsmagay	*kïsmagay biz	*kïsmagay siz	*kïsmagay
progressive			*kïsmamakda ben	*kïsmamakda sen	*kïsmamakda	*kïsmamakda biz	*kïsmamakda siz	*kïsmamakda
necessitative			*kïsmamalïg ben	*kïsmamalïg sen	*kïsmamalïg	*kïsmamalïg biz	*kïsmamalïg siz	*kïsmamalïg
imperative			*kïsmayayïn	*kïsma, kïsmagïl	*kïsmazun	*kïsmayalïm	*kïsmayïŋ	*kïsmazun

Derived terms

⇒? *kïs-ïr
⇒ *kïs-ga
⇒ *kïs-uk
⇒ *kïs-ïg
⇒ *kïs-ïl

Descendants

Oghur:
- Chuvash: хӗс (hĕs)
→ Proto-Mongolic: *kïsu- (“to constrain, make narrow, scrape”)^[1]^[2]
Common Turkic:

Oghuz:
- Old Anatolian Turkish:
  - Azerbaijani: qısmaq
  - Ottoman Turkish: قیصمق (kısmak), قصمق (kısmak), قسمق (kısmak)
    - Gagauz: kısmaa
    - Turkish: kısmak
- Salar: qıs
- Turkmen: gysmak
Karluk:
- Karakhanid: (qïsmāq)^[3]
Kipchak:
- South Kipchak:
  - Caspian:
    - Kazakh: қысу (qysu)
  - Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
    - Kyrgyz: кысуу (kısuu)
    - Southern Altai: кызар (kïzar)

References

^ Nugteren, Hans (2011) Mongolic phonology and the Qinghai-Gansu languages (dissertation)‎, Utrecht: LOT, page 414
^ Sanžejev, G. D., Orlovskaja, M. N., Ševernina, Z. V. (2016) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ mongolʹskix jazykov: v 3 t. [Etymological dictionary of Mongolic languages: in 3 vols.] (in Russian), volume II, Moscow: Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, page 130
^ al-Kashgarî, Mahmud (1072–1074) Besim Atalay, transl., Divanü Lûgat-it-Türk Tercümesi [Translation of the “Compendium of the languages of the Turks”] (Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları; 521) (in Turkish), 1985 edition, volume II, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurmu Basımevi, published 1939–1943, page 11

Clauson, Gerard (1972) “”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, pages 665-666
Levitskaja, L. S., Dybo, A. V., Rassadin, V. I. (2000) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ tjurkskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages] (in Russian), volume VI, Moscow: Indrik, page 251
Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “kısmak”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
Räsänen, Martti (1969) Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen seura, page 267
Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*Kɨs-”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8)‎, Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill

[1] Nugteren, Hans (2011) Mongolic phonology and the Qinghai-Gansu languages (dissertation)‎, Utrecht: LOT, page 414

[2] Sanžejev, G. D., Orlovskaja, M. N., Ševernina, Z. V. (2016) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ mongolʹskix jazykov: v 3 t. [Etymological dictionary of Mongolic languages: in 3 vols.] (in Russian), volume II, Moscow: Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, page 130

[3] -Kashgarî, Mahmud (1072–1074) Besim Atalay, transl., Divanü Lûgat-it-Türk Tercümesi [Translation of the “Compendium of the languages of the Turks”] (Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları; 521) (in Turkish), 1985 edition, volume II, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurmu Basımevi, published 1939–1943, page 11

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