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1) Originally only in pronominal declension. 2) The original instrumental, equative, similative & comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages. 3) Plurality is disputed in Proto-Turkic. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page in Wikibooks.
Clauson, Gerard (1972) “ka:m”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 625
Tekin, Talât (1995) Türk Dillerinde Birincil Uzun Ünlüler (Türk Dilleri Araştırmaları Dizisi; 13), Ankara: T.C. Kültür Bakanlığı, →ISBN, page 101
Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*kiam”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
Räsänen, Martti (1969) Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen seura, page 228
Doerfer, Gerhard (1967) Türkische und mongolische Elemente im Neupersischen (Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur: Veröffentlichungen der Orientalischen Kommission; 20) (in German), volume 3, Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, pages 402-406
al-Kashgarî, Mahmud (1072–1074) Besim Atalay, transl., Divanü Lûgat-it-Türk Tercümesi (Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları; 521) (in Turkish), 1985 edition, volume III, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurmu Basımevi, published 1939–1943, page 157