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1) Originally used only in pronominal declension. 2) The original instrumental, equative, similative, and comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages. 3) Plurality in Proto-Turkic is disputed. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page on Wikibooks.
Clauson, Gerard (1972) “”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 757
Doerfer, Gerhard (1975) Türkische und mongolische Elemente im Neupersischen (Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur: Veröffentlichungen der Orientalischen Kommission; 21) (in German), volume IV, Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, page 4
Räsänen, Martti (1969) Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen seura, page 312
Sevortjan, E. V. (1980) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ tjurkskix jazykov (in Russian), volume III, Moscow: Nauka, pages 94-95
Tenišev E. R., editor (1984–2006), Sravnitelʹno-istoričeskaja grammatika tjurkskix jazykov: (in Russian), Moscow: Nauka, page 75
Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*gǖŕ”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill