Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/tȫg-

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Alternative reconstructions

*tög-

Verb

*tȫg-

(transitive) to hit, beat

Conjugation

Conjugation of *tȫg- (Common Turkic)

Note: Actual conjugations can be more complex than tables below. Compound forms with the auxiliary *er- not shown.

Positive

infinitive			*tȫgmek
participle	present		*tȫggen, tȫgügme, tȫger
	past		*tȫgdük, tȫgmiš
	future		*tȫgdeči, tȫgmekči, tȫgsik, tȫgeček
verbal noun			*tȫgme, tȫgüg, tȫggü
way of doing			*tȫgüš
			singular			plural
			1^st person	2^nd person	3^rd person	1^st person	2^nd person	3^rd person
			*ben	*sen	*ol	*biz	*siz	*olar
indicative	aorist		*tȫger ben	*tȫger sen	*tȫger	*tȫger biz	*tȫger siz	*tȫger
	past	simple	*tȫgdüm	*tȫgdüŋ	*tȫgdi	*tȫgdük, tȫgdümüz	*tȫgdüŋüz	*tȫgdi
	past	inferential	*tȫgmiš ben	*tȫgmiš sen	*tȫgmiš	*tȫgmiš biz	*tȫgmiš siz	*tȫgmiš
	future	simple	*tȫgdeči ben, tȫgmekči ben, tȫgeček ben	*tȫgdeči sen, tȫgmekči sen, tȫgeček sen	*tȫgdeči, tȫgmekči, tȫgeček	*tȫgdeči biz, tȫgmekči biz, tȫgeček biz	*tȫgdeči siz, tȫgmekči siz, tȫgeček siz	*tȫgdeči, tȫgmekči, tȫgeček
		predictive	*tȫggey ben	*tȫggey sen	*tȫggey	*tȫggey biz	*tȫggey siz	*tȫggey
		necessitive	*tȫgsüküm	*tȫgsüküŋ	*tȫgsük	*tȫgsükümüz	*tȫgsüküŋüz	*tȫgsük
conditional			*tȫgsem, tȫgser ben	*tȫgseŋ, tȫgser sen	*tȫgse, tȫgser	*tȫgsek, tȫgsemiz, tȫgser biz	*tȫgseŋiz, tȫgser siz	*tȫgseler, tȫgser
optative			*tȫggey ben	*tȫggey sen	*tȫggey	*tȫggey biz	*tȫggey siz	*tȫggey
progressive			*tȫgmekde ben	*tȫgmekde sen	*tȫgmekde	*tȫgmekde biz	*tȫgmekde siz	*tȫgmekde
necessitative			*tȫgmelig ben	*tȫgmelig sen	*tȫgmelig	*tȫgmelig biz	*tȫgmelig siz	*tȫgmelig
imperative			*tȫgeyin	*tȫg, tȫggil	*tȫgzün	*tȫgelim	*tȫgüŋ	*tȫgzün

Negative

infinitive			*tȫgmemek
participle	present		*tȫgmegen, tȫgmegme, tȫgmez
	past		*tȫgmedük, tȫgmemiš
	future		*tȫgmeči, tȫgmesik, tȫgmeyeček
verbal noun			*tȫgmeme, tȫgmeg, tȫgmegü
way of doing			*tȫgmeyüš
			singular			plural
			1^st person	2^nd person	3^rd person	1^st person	2^nd person	3^rd person
			*ben	*sen	*ol	*biz	*siz	*olar
indicative	aorist		*tȫgmez ben	*tȫgmez sen	*tȫgmez	*tȫgmez biz	*tȫgmez siz	*tȫgmez
	past	simple	*tȫgmedüm	*tȫgmedüŋ	*tȫgmedi	*tȫgmedük, tȫgmedümüz	*tȫgmedüŋüz	*tȫgmedi
	past	inferential	*tȫgmemiš ben	*tȫgmemiš sen	*tȫgmemiš	*tȫgmemiš biz	*tȫgmemiš siz	*tȫgmemiš
	future	simple	*tȫgmeči ben, tȫgmeyeček ben	*tȫgmeči sen, tȫgmeyeček sen	*tȫgmeči, tȫgmeyeček	*tȫgmeči biz, tȫgmeyeček biz	*tȫgmeči siz, tȫgmeyeček siz	*tȫgmeči, tȫgmeyeček
		predictive	*tȫgmegey ben	*tȫgmegey sen	*tȫgmegey	*tȫgmegey biz	*tȫgmegey siz	*tȫgmegey
		necessitive	*tȫgmesüküm	*tȫgmesüküŋ	*tȫgmesük	*tȫgmesükümüz	*tȫgmesüküŋüz	*tȫgmesük
conditional			*tȫgmesem, tȫgmeser ben	*tȫgmeseŋ, tȫgmeser sen	*tȫgmese, tȫgmeser	*tȫgmesek, tȫgmesemiz, tȫgmeser biz	*tȫgmeseŋiz, tȫgmeser siz	*tȫgmeseler, tȫgmeser
optative			*tȫgmegey ben	*tȫgmegey sen	*tȫgmegey	*tȫgmegey biz	*tȫgmegey siz	*tȫgmegey
progressive			*tȫgmemekde ben	*tȫgmemekde sen	*tȫgmemekde	*tȫgmemekde biz	*tȫgmemekde siz	*tȫgmemekde
necessitative			*tȫgmemelig ben	*tȫgmemelig sen	*tȫgmemelig	*tȫgmemelig biz	*tȫgmemelig siz	*tȫgmemelig
imperative			*tȫgmeyeyin	*tȫgme, tȫgmegil	*tȫgmezün	*tȫgmeyelim	*tȫgmeyiŋ	*tȫgmezün

Derived terms

⇒ Proto-Turkic: *tȫg-ün (“mark, brand”)
- ⇒ Proto-Turkic: *tȫgün-e- (“to brand”)

Descendants

Oghur:
- Chuvash: тӳ (tü), тĕв (tĕv)
Common Turkic: *tȫg-, *tög-

Proto-Oghuz: *tȫg-
- West Oghuz:
  - Old Anatolian Turkish:
    - Azerbaijani: döymək
    - Ottoman Turkish: دوكمك (döğmek)
      - Gagauz: düümää
      - Turkish: dövmek
- East Oghuz:
  - Turkmen: döwmek
Karluk:
- Karakhanid: (tögmēk)
  - Uzbek: tuymoq
Kipchak:
- North Kipchak:
  - Bashkir: төйөу (töyöw)
- West Kipchak:
  - Crimeaic Kipchak:
    - Crimean Tatar: dögmek
    - Urum: дӧгиер (dögier)
  - Karachay-Balkar: тюйюрге (tüyürge)
  - Kumyk: тюймек (tüymek)
- South Kipchak:
  - Karakalpak: tüyüw
  - Kazakh: түйу (tüiu)
  - Nogai: туьймек (tüymek)

References

Clauson, Gerard (1972) “tö:g-”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 477
Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “dövmek”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
Sevortjan, E. V. (1980) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ tjurkskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages] (in Russian), volume III, Moscow: Nauka, page 270
Räsänen, Martti (1969) Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen seura, page 492
Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*düg-”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8)‎, Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill