Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/bitr

This Proto-West Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-West Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *bitraz. Equivalent to *bītan +‎ *-r.

Adjective

*bitr^[1]

bitter

Inflection

a-stem
Singular	Masculine
Nominative	*bitr
Genitive	*bittras
Singular	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	*bitr	*bittru	*bitr
Accusative	*bittranā	*bittrā	*bitr
Genitive	*bittras	*bittreʀā	*bittras
Dative	*bittrumē	*bittreʀē	*bittrumē
Instrumental	*bittru	*bittreʀu	*bittru
Plural	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	*bittrē	*bittrō	*bittru
Accusative	*bittrā	*bittrā	*bittru
Genitive	*bittreʀō	*bittreʀō	*bittreʀō
Dative	bittrēm, bittrum	bittrēm, bittrum	bittrēm, bittrum
Instrumental	bittrēm, bittrum	bittrēm, bittrum	bittrēm, bittrum

Derived terms

*bittrōn

Descendants

Old English: biter, bitter
- Middle English: bitter
  - Scots: bittir
  - English: bitter
Old Frisian: *bitter
- Saterland Frisian: bitter
- West Frisian: bitter
Old Saxon: bittar
- Middle Low German: bitter
  - Low German: bitter
  - → Danish: bitter
  - → Swedish: bitter (partly)
  - → Norwegian: bitter
Old Dutch: bitter
- Middle Dutch: bitter
  - Dutch: bitter
Old High German: bittar, pittar
- Middle High German: bitter, pitter
  - German: bitter
  - Luxembourgish: batter
  - Vilamovian: bytter
  - Yiddish: ביטער (biter)

References

^ Ringe, Donald, Taylor, Ann (2014) The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 54: “PWGmc *bitr, *bittra-”

[1] Ringe, Donald, Taylor, Ann (2014) The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 54: “PWGmc *bitr, *bittra-”

[1]

Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/bitr

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