Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/bitraz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From pre-Germanic *bʰidrós (“biting, splitting”), equivalent to *bītaną (“to bite”) +‎ *-raz (“adjectival suffix”).^[1]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈbit.rɑz/

Adjective

*bitraz

bitter
Synonym: *baitraz

Inflection

Declension of *bitraz (a-stem)
Strong declension
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*bitraz	*bitrō	*bitrą, -atō	*bitrai	*bitrôz	*bitrō
accusative	*bitranǭ	*bitrǭ	*bitrą, -atō	*bitranz	*bitrōz	*bitrō
genitive	*bitras, -is	*bitraizōz	*bitras, -is	*bitraizǫ̂	*bitraizǫ̂	*bitraizǫ̂
dative	*bitrammai	*bitraizōi	*bitrammai	*bitraimaz	*bitraimaz	*bitraimaz
instrumental	*bitranō	*bitraizō	*bitranō	*bitraimiz	*bitraimiz	*bitraimiz

Weak declension
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*bitrô	*bitrǭ	*bitrô	*bitraniz	*bitrōniz	*bitrōnō
accusative	*bitranų	*bitrōnų	*bitrô	*bitranunz	*bitrōnunz	*bitrōnō
genitive	*bitriniz	*bitrōniz	*bitriniz	*bitranǫ̂	*bitrōnǫ̂	*bitranǫ̂
dative	*bitrini	*bitrōni	*bitrini	*bitrammaz	*bitrōmaz	*bitrammaz
instrumental	*bitrinē	*bitrōnē	*bitrinē	*bitrammiz	*bitrōmiz	*bitrammiz

Related terms

*baitraz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *bitr
- Old English: biter, bitter
  - Middle English: bitter
    - Scots: bittir
    - English: bitter
- Old Frisian: *bitter
  - Saterland Frisian: bitter
  - West Frisian: bitter
- Old Saxon: bittar
  - Middle Low German: bitter
    - Low German: bitter
    - → Danish: bitter
    - → Swedish: bitter (partly)
    - → Norwegian: bitter
- Old Dutch: bitter
  - Middle Dutch: bitter
    - Dutch: bitter
- Old High German: bittar, pittar
  - Middle High German: bitter, pitter
    - German: bitter
    - Luxembourgish: batter
    - Vilamovian: bytter
    - Yiddish: ביטער (biter)
Old Norse: bitr
- Icelandic: bitur
- Faroese: bitur
- Old Swedish: biter, bitter, beter
  - Swedish: bitter (under Low German influence)
- Danish: biderhvas (compound with *hwassaz)

References

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*bitra-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 66

[1] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*bitra-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 66

[1]