Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/mangijan

This Proto-West Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-West Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *mangijaną, from Proto-Indo-European *monk-éye-ti, from Proto-Indo-European *menk- (“to press, knead”). Cognate with Lithuanian mánkyti (“to knead”),^[1] Proto-Slavic *mę̑kъkъ (“soft”), and possibly Ancient Greek μάσσω (mássō, “to knead”).

Verb

*mangijan^[2]

to mix

Inflection

Class 1 weak
Infinitive	*mangijan
1st sg. past	*mangidā
Infinitive	*mangijan
Genitive infin.	*mangijannjas
Dative infin.	*mangijannjē
Instrum. infin.	*mangijannju
Indicative	Present	Past
1st singular	*mangiju	*mangidā
2nd singular	*mangisi	mangidēs, mangidōs
3rd singular	*mangiþi	mangidē, mangidā
1st plural	*mangijum	*mangidum
2nd plural	*mangiþ	*mangidud
3rd plural	*mangijanþ	*mangidun
Subjunctive	Present	Past
1st singular	*mangijē	*mangidī
2nd singular	*mangijēs	*mangidī
3rd singular	*mangijē	*mangidī
1st plural	*mangijēm	*mangidīm
2nd plural	*mangijēþ	*mangidīd
3rd plural	*mangijēn	*mangidīn
Imperative	Present
Singular	*mangi
Plural	*mangiþ
	Present	Past
Participle	*mangijandī	*mangid

Descendants

Old English: menġan, mænġan, menċġan
- Middle English: mengen
  - English: meng, ming
  - Scots: meng, ming
  - ⇒ Middle English: *mengelen
    - English: mingle
Old Frisian: menga, mengia, mendza, mendzia
- Saterland Frisian: moange
- West Frisian: minge
Old Saxon: mengian
- Middle Low German: mengen
  - Low German: mengen
  - → Old Norse: mengja
    - Icelandic: menga
    - Swedish: mänga
    - Danish: mænge
Old Dutch: *mengen
- Middle Dutch: mengen
  - Dutch: mengen
    - Afrikaans: meng
    - Negerhollands: mengel, mingel
  - Limburgish: minge
Old High German: mengen
- Middle High German: mengen
  - German: mengen

References

^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*mangjan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 353
^ Ringe, Donald, Taylor, Ann (2014) The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 4: “PWGmc *mangijan”

[1] Guus Kroonen (2013) “*mangjan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 353

[2] Ringe, Donald, Taylor, Ann (2014) The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 4: “PWGmc *mangijan”

[1]

[2]