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Dresden Codex

• ᚠ ᚢ/ᚣ ᚦ ᚨ/ᚩ/ᚪ/ᚫ/ᚬ/ᚭ ᚱ ᚲ/ᚳ/ᚴ ᚷ/ᚸ ᚹ
• ᚺ/ᚻ/ᚼ/ᚽ ᚾ/ᚿ ᛁ ᛃ/ᛄ/ᛡ/ᛅ/ᛆ ᛇ ᛈ ᛉ/ᛦ/ᛧ ᛊ/ᛋ/ᛌ
• ᛏ/ᛐ ᛒ/ᛓ ᛖ ᛗ/ᛘ/ᛙ ᛚ ᛜ/ᛝ ᛟ ᛞ
• + ᛠ

Heri

The Vimose inscriptions are the oldest runic inscriptions. The comb, inscribed with the male name ᚺᚨᚱᛃᚨ Harja, dates from 160 and is the earliest runic inscription.

The inscription on the Negau B helmet, 𐌇𐌀𐌓𐌉𐌊𐌀𐌔𐌕𐌉𐌕𐌄𐌉𐌅𐌀///𐌉𐌐, harikastiteiva\\\ip. The first part is widely accepted as the name Harikast / Harigast.

The inscription on the Meldorf fibula may be the oldest runic inscription that has been found.

It is frequently read as hiwi (for a/the spouse) (Template:goh hīwa (“spouse”)); other Runic interpretations are irih, hiri, iwih, iþih, hiþi. Those who interpret the script as Latin read the dative personal name Idin, or as nidi, or as irih or hiri.

The Bergakker inscription, a 5th century inscription on a scabbard-mount, is accepted as a direct attestation of Old Frankish. It is read as ha?*þ*??s : ann, k*sjam / log*ns (* is an odd rune, accepted as a vowel).

The inscription on the Pforzen buckle, from the 6th century, is the oldest West Germanic (Old High German) inscription to preserve stave-rhyme. Its meaning is unclear.

The Arguel inscription, discovered in France and dated to the 5th or 6th century, reads ᚨᚱᛒᛁᛏᚨ- / ᚹᛟᛞᚨᚾ / ᛚ---ᛟ?ᚺᚨᛜ / -ᛖ- / ᚲᛁᛗ, arbita? / wodan / l???o?haŋ / ?e? / kim. The second line is accepted as the name Wodan. At least one scholar, Looijenga, considers it a forgery.

One of the Nordendorf fibulae contains a rare set of gods' names: awa (l)eubwini / logaþore / wodan / wigiþonar. The middle name is accepted as Wodan.

du

The inscription on the Bülach fibula is the only runic inscription found in Switzerland. It dates to the 6th century (or as early as the 3rd). The first two lines are accepted as frifridil / du (ᚠᚱᛁᚠᚱᛁᛞᛁᛚ / ᛞᚢ); the rest is unclear. Frifridil is accepted as a pet name for a (male) love (Template:goh fridil), and du as the second person pronoun (Template:goh du, already differentiated from other Germanic languages’ þu).

• Heinz Klingenberg, Runenfibel von Bülach, Kanton Zürich. Liebesinschrift aus alemannischer Frühzeit, in the Alemannisches Jahrbuch (1973/75), page 308
• Heinz Klingenberg, Die Runeninschrift aus Bülach, in Helvetia archaeologica, volume 7 (1976), pages 116–121
• Stephan Opitz, Südgermanische Runeninschriften im älteren Futhark aus der Merowingerzeit (Freiburg im Breisgau, 1977)

ᚱᚢᚾᛟ, rún

The proto-Norse inscription on the Einang stone, dated to the 4th century, is read as (ᛖᚲ ᚷᛟ)ᛞᚨᚷᚨᛋᛏᛁᛉ ᚱᚢᚾᛟ ᚠᚨᛁᚺᛁᛞᛟ, (ek go)ðagastiR runo faihido (the first four runes have been obliterated by time, but are reconstructed). This is translated as "(I, Go)dguest painted this rune ". It may be the earliest attestation of runo, which is singular on the stone.

• Terje Spurkland, Norwegian runes and runic inscriptions (The Boydell Press, Woodbridge, →ISBN, 2005), pages 42–43

The Frei-Laubersheim fibula, found in a grave dated to the 6th century, contains a Germanic (possibly Low Germanic) inscription. The accepted reading of the first line is boso : wraet (:) runa. The first word is the name Boso (Template:ang Bōsa, Template:non Bōsi), the second word is wrote, and the third word is the plural runes.

The first of the Tjurkö bracteates from the fifth to the seventh century contains the inscription ᚹᚢᚱᛏᛖᚱᚢᚾᛟᛉᚨᚾᚹᚨᛚᚺᚨᚲᚢᚱᚾᛖ··ᚺᛖᛚᛞᚨᛉᚲᚢᚾᛁᛗᚢᚾᛞᛁᚢ···, wurte runoz an walhakurne heldaz kunimudiu, "Heldaz wrought runes on the foreign 'grain' for Kunimunduz".

• User:-sche/ek

The Lindholm amulet is a 2nd to 4th century piece of bone inscribed ᛖᚳᛖᚱᛁᛚᚨᛉ..., ekerilazsailagazhateka: / aaaaaaaazzznnbmuttt:alu:. The second line is gibberish, perhaps magical; the first line is ek erilaz sa Wilagaz haiteka or ek erilaz Sawilagaz haiteka, "I erilaz, Sawilagaz hight I".

The Tune stone, from the 3rd to 5th century, bears a Proto-Norse inscription. Side A reads:

ekwiwazafter-woduri (ᛖᚲᚹᛁᚹᚨᛉ...)

dewitadahalaiban:worathto-?

Side B reads:

?zwoduride:staina:

þrijozdohtrizdalidun

arbijasijostezarbijano

This is interpreted as:

A: Ek Wiwaz after Woduride witandahlaiban worhto r.

B: z(?) Woduride staina þrijoz dohtriz dalidun(?) arbija arjostez(?) arbijano.

This translates to:

I, Wiwaz, made the runes after Woduridaz, my lord.

For me, Woduridaz, three daughters, the most distinguished of the heirs, prepared the stone.

The Rö runestone is from the early 5th century. "The runes are in the elder futhark and the language is Proto-Norse with preserved declensions and intermediate vowels that would much later be lost when the language turned into Old Norse." It is read as ek hraaz satido -tain / ana----(r) / swabaharjaz / s-irawidaz / ... stainawarijaz fahido, which is Ek Hraþaz satido / tain / ... / Swabaharjaz / sirawidaz. / ... Stainawarijaz fahido, "I, Hraþaz raised the stone ... Swabaharjaz with wide wounds. ... Stainawarijaz painted".

The inscription on the w:Golden Horns of Gallehus, dated to the early 5th century, is the oldest North Germanic inscription to preserve stave-rhyme. It is ᛖᚲᚺᛚᛖᚹᚨᚷᚨᛊᛏᛁᛉ᛬ᚺᛟᛚᛏᛁᛃᚨᛉ᛬ᚺᛟᚱᚾᚨ᛬ᛏᚨᚹᛁᛞᛟ᛬, ek hlewagastiz:holtijaz:horna:tawido:. This is read as ek Hlewagastiz Holtijaz horna tawidō, "I Hlewagastiz Holtijaz made the horn".

The 5th century Hogganvik runestone, discovered in 2009, bears a Proto-Norse inscription read as:

kelbaþewas:st⁀ainaz:aasrpkf — "Skelba-þewa's stone" + aasrpkf

aarpaa:inananaoz — aarpaa + "?within/from within the ?wheel-nave/?cabin-corner "

The colophon, located between lines A and B:

ek naudigastiz (ᛖᚲᚾᚨᚢᛞᛁᚷᚨᛋᛏᛁᛉ) — "I, Naudigastiz "

ek erafaz — "I, Wolverine"

• James E. Knirk, Runic inscription from Hogganvik, Mandal, Vest-Agder (2009) (preliminary report), 27 October 2009

Kragehul I is a late 5th century spear shaft. The first part is accepted as reading ᛖᚳᛖ⁀ᚱᛁᛚᚨ⁀ᛉ..., ek e⁀rila⁀z asugisalas m⁀uh⁀a h⁀aite g⁀ag⁀ag⁀a, "I, erilaz of Asugisalaz, hight Muha, ga-ga-ga!"