User:Rex Aurorum/Indonesian

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Table 1

Letter/Diagraph IPA broad IPA narrow
Now H/O Initial Final Initial Final
A, a /a/
B, b /b/ /p/
C, c Tj, tj /t͡ʃ/ none none
D, d /d/ /t/
E, e or ê ê /ə/
E, e or é é /e/
E, e or è é /ɛ/
F, f /f/
G, g /ɡ/ /k/
G, g GH, gh /ɣ/
H, h /h/
I, i /i/ /ɪ/
J, j Dj, dj /d͡ʒ/
K, k /k/ /k/
K, k ' none /ʔ/ none
L, l /l/
M, m /m/
N, n /n/
O, o /o/ /ɔ/
P, /p/
Q, q /k/
R, r /r/
S, s /s/
T, t /t/
U, u Oe, oe /u/ /ʊ/
V, v /f/
W, w /w/
X, x /s/ /ks/
Y, y J, j /j/
Z, z /z/ /s/
KH, kh CH, ch /x/
NG, ng /ŋ/
NY, ny NJ, nj /ɲ/ none none
SY, sy SJ, sj /ʃ/
AI, ai /ai̯/ or /ai/ /ai̯/ or
AU, au /au̯/ or /au/ /au̯/ or
EI, ei - /ei̯/ or /ei/ /ei̯/
OI, oi /oi̯/ or /oi/ /ʊi̯/ or
  1. ^ Historical or optional.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 initial syllable.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 For consonants: final position. For vowels: final closed syllable.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Devoiced.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 Applosive.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Never occured.

Pronounciation patterns/rules

  • Consonants(1): c /t͡ʃ/, ; f /f/, , h /h/, , j /d͡ʒ/, ; l /l/, ; m /m/, ; n /n/, ; p /p/, ; q /k/, ; r /r/, ; s /s/, ; t /t/, , v /f/, ; w /w/, ; y /j/, ; z /z/,
  • Consonants(2): x /s/, or /ks/,
  • Consonants(3): b /b/, ; d /d/, ; g /ɡ/, ; k /k/,
    • Unrealeased stop: b , d , g , k , p , q , t
    • Final-obstruent devocing: b /p/, d /t/, g /k/
  • Consonants(4): k /k/, /ʔ/
  • Digraph: kh /x/, ; ng /ŋ/, ; ny /ɲ/, ; sy /ʃ/,
  • Diphtongs: ai /ai̯/, ; au /au̯/ ; ei /ei̯/, ; oi /oi̯/,
  • Vowels(1): a /a/,
  • Vowels(2): i /i/, - /ɪ/, ; o /o/, - /ɔ/, ; /u/, - /ʊ/,
  • Vowels(3): e /ə/, - /e/, - /ɛ/,

syllabification pattern

  • C= C1 & C2 & C3
  • C1= Consonants: (1) b, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n , p, r, s, t, z (2) c, w
  • C2= Digraph: kh, ng, ny, sy
  • C3= Clusters : (1) bl, dl, fl, gl, jl, kl, pl, sl, (2) br, cr, dr, fr, gr, jr, kr, nr, pr, sr, tr (3) ps; (4) kw, sw (5) sk, sm, sn, sp (6) skr, spr, str (7) skl (8) by, dy, gy, sy
  • V= V1 & V2
  • V1= Vowels
  • V2= Diphtongs
  • C1V1.V1C1 (VV: aa, ai, ao, au, ua, ue, ui, uu, ia, ii, io, iu, oa, oi, oo) (ex: sa.at)
  • C1V1.C1V1 (ex: da.ta)
    • C1V1.C1V1.C1V1C1 (ex: ma.sa.lah)
    • C1V1.C1V1.C1V1.C1V1C1 (ex: ke.mu.ra.han)
    • C1V1.C1V1.C1V1C2 (ex: se.ka.rang; ta.la.ngan)
  • C1V1.CV1C1
    • C1V1.C1V1C1 (ex: be.rat)
      • C1V1.C1V1C1.C1V2 (ex: se.lam.pai)
    • C1V1.C2V1C1 (ex: ja.ngan)
    • C1V1.C3V1C1 (ex: ma.tras)
  • C1V1C1.C1V1 (ex: den.da)
    • C1V1C1.C1V1.C1V1 (ex: sen.di.ri)
  • C1V1C1.C1V1C1 (ex: can.tik)
  • C1V1C2.C1V1C1 (C2C: syd, syr, ngg, ngk, ngs) (ex: tang.kas)
  • C1V1C2.C1V1.C1V1C1 (ex: tang.ka.pan)
  • C1V1C2.C1V2 (ex: tang.kai)
  • C2V1C1 (ex: khas)
    • C2V1C1.C1V1C1 (ex: khid.mat)
  • C2V1.C1V1C1 (ex: khu.sus)
  • C2V1.C1V1.C1V1C1 (ex: kha.la.yak)
  • C2V1.C2V1C1 (ex: khu.syuk)
  • C3V1.C1V1.C1V1C1 (ex: kra.si.kan)
  • C3V1C1.C1V1C1 (ex: stan.dar)
  • V1.C1V1C1 (ex: a.yam)
  • V1C2.C1V1.C1V1C1 (ex: ikh.ti.sar)
  • V1C2.C1V1C1 (ex: ikh.las)
  • V1.C1V1C2 (ex: a.dang)
    • V1.C1V1C2.C1V1C1 (ex: a.lang.kah)
  • V1.C1V1.C1V1.C1V1 (ex: a.be.ra.si)
  • V1.C2V1C1 (ex: a.khir)
  • V1.C2V1.C1V1C1 (ex: a.nya.man)
  • V1C1.C1V1 (ex: an.da)
    • V1C1.C1V1.C1V1C1 (ex: un.da.kan)
  • V1C1.C1V1C1 (ex: in.dah)
  • V1C1.C1V1C2 (ex: an.jang)
  • V1C1.C1V3 (ex: an.dai)

Table 2

Common

Name standard merged to
Figura–pigura merger /f/ and /p/ /p/
Khas–kas merger /x/ and /k/ /k/
Khas–has merger /x/ and /h/ /h/
Kalai–kale merger /ai̯/ and /ɛ/ /ɛ/
Mental–mental merger /ə/ and /ɛ/ /ɛ/

spesific

Region/Speaker of standard merged to description
initial first middle final
Batak /ə/ /ə/ /e/
/e/ /e/ /ə/
Buginese /p/, /b/, /d/, /t/, /k/, /h/ /ʔ/
/m/, /n/ /ŋ/
/f/ /f/ /p/
/ə/ /a/
/ə/ /e/
/ə/ /i/
/o/ /o/ /u/
/i/ /e/
/u/ /o/
/a/ /ə/
/ai̯/ /e/
/au̯/ /o/
/h/ /h/ ∅
/ks/ /ss/
/kt/ /tt/
Javanese /k/, /ʔ/ /ʔ/
Manado Malay /ə/ /a/
/ai̯/ /e/
/ai̯/ /i/
/au̯/ /o/
/t/, /k/, /h/ ∅
Maluku or North Maluku /k/, /ʔ/
Minangkabau /p/, /d/, /t/, /k/ /ʔ/
West Nusa Tenggara and East Nusa Tenggara /k/, /ʔ/

Ref

Fauziah, Lita Rizki. (2015). Language Interference of Batak Angkola-Mandailing Language to Indonesian: A Case Study. Passage, 3(2), 64-76.

Ismail, Abdul Kadir. Machmoed, Hamzah A. Usman, Moses. (2018). Interference Of Malay Manado Language Toward Indonesian Language By Students’ Speech In Gorontalo State University. Al-Lisan 3(1):1-15. DOI:10.30603/al.v3i1.367

Jaya. (2018). Phonological Interference Of Buginese Into Indonesian By Buginese Speakers In Tolitoli Central Sulawesi (A study of transformational-generative phonology). (Master Thesis, Faculty of Humanities, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia). Retrieved from http://eprints.undip.ac.id/62740/

Li, Huili. Baryadi, I. Praptomo. Wijana, I Dewa Putu. (2019). Sound Pattern Of Indonesian Plosives. Linguistik Indonesia, 37(1). DOI:10.26499/li.v37i1.84

Wulandari, Dea Rakhimafa. Nugraheni, Aninditya Sri. (2019). Variation Phonology Of Indonesian Language In Minangkabau Speakers. International Journal Of Scientific & Technology Research, 8(12).

prefix

  • meng-:
    • me- (IPA(key): /mə/, before initials of /l/, /m/, /n/, /ɲ/ ⟨ny⟩, /ŋ/ ⟨ng⟩, /r/, /w/ and /j/ ⟨y⟩.)
    • mem- (IPA(key): /məm/, before initials of /b/, /p/ or /f/, except initial per-, will remove initial /p/)
    • men- (IPA(key): /mən/, before initials of /t͡ʃ/ ⟨c⟩, /d/, /d͡ʒ/ ⟨j⟩, /ʃ/ ⟨sy⟩, /t/, and /z/, will remove initial /t/.)
    • meng- (IPA(key): /məŋ/, before initials of /g/, /h/, /k/ and all vowels /a/, /e/, /e/, /ɛ/, /i/, /o/, /u/, will sometimes remove initial /k/.)
    • menge- (IPA(key): /məŋə/, before monosyllabic roots.)
    • meny- (IPA(key): /məɲ/, before initials of /s/, will remove initial /s/.)
    • Such initial consonant losses are known as kaidah KPST "KPST rule", and those beginning in consonant clusters can be optionally undeleted (program → memrogram, memprogram; kritik → mengritik, mengkritik, stabil → menytabilkan, menstabilkan). Note that the medial consonant clusters -mr-, -ngr- /ŋr/, -nyt- /ɲt/ is somewhat unusual, but the first forms are usually less common than second ones.
  • peng-:
    • Lua error in Module:parameters at line 647: Parameter 1 must be a valid language or etymology language code; the value "before <span class=\"IPA\">/l/</span>, <span class=\"IPA\">/m/</span>, <span class=\"IPA\">/n/</span>, <span class=\"IPA\">/ŋ/</span>, <span class=\"IPA\">/ɲ/</span>, <span class=\"IPA\">/r/</span>, <span class=\"IPA\">/w/</span>, <span class=\"IPA\">/j/</span>" is not valid. See WT:LOL and WT:LOL/E. IPA(key): /pə/
    • Lua error in Module:parameters at line 647: Parameter 1 must be a valid language or etymology language code; the value "before <span class=\"IPA\">/b/</span>, <span class=\"IPA\">/p/</span>, <span class=\"IPA\">/f/</span>" is not valid. See WT:LOL and WT:LOL/E. IPA(key): /pəm/ (will remove initial /p/)
    • Lua error in Module:parameters at line 647: Parameter 1 must be a valid language or etymology language code; the value "before <span class=\"IPA\">/t͡ʃ/</span>, <span class=\"IPA\">/d/</span>, <span class=\"IPA\">/d͡ʒ/</span>, <span class=\"IPA\">/t/</span>, <span class=\"IPA\">/z/</span>" is not valid. See WT:LOL and WT:LOL/E. IPA(key): /pən/ (will remove initial /t/)
    • Lua error in Module:parameters at line 647: Parameter 1 must be a valid language or etymology language code; the value "before <span class=\"IPA\">/ɡ/</span>, <span class=\"IPA\">/h/</span>, <span class=\"IPA\">/k/</span>, vowels" is not valid. See WT:LOL and WT:LOL/E. IPA(key): /pəŋ/
    • Lua error in Module:parameters at line 647: Parameter 1 must be a valid language or etymology language code; the value "before <span class=\"IPA\">/s/</span>" is not valid. See WT:LOL and WT:LOL/E. IPA(key): /pəɲ/ (before initials of /s/, will remove initial /s/)
    • Lua error in Module:parameters at line 647: Parameter 1 must be a valid language or etymology language code; the value "before monosyllabic roots" is not valid. See WT:LOL and WT:LOL/E. IPA(key): /pəŋə/
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