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transitive verbal prefix for active subject or agent focus, specifically it indicates that there is an agent doing the action of the transitive verb; not used when the sentence is direct imperative, or when the clause is defining relative with the patient in the front of the sentence
Along with the prefix peng-, this prefix are affected by initial consonant mutations.
The standard forms are shown in the list below:
me-(IPA(key): /mə/, before initials of /l/, /m/, /n/, /ɲ/ ⟨ny⟩, /ŋ/ ⟨ng⟩, /r/, /w/ and /j/ ⟨y⟩.)
mem-(IPA(key): /məm/, before initials of /b/, /p/, /v/ or /f/, except initial per-, will remove initial /p/)
men-(IPA(key): /mən/, before initials of /t͡ʃ/ ⟨c⟩, /d/, /d͡ʒ/ ⟨j⟩, /ʃ/ ⟨sy⟩, /t/, and /z/, will remove initial /t/.)
meng-(IPA(key): /məŋ/, before initials of /g/, /h/, /k/ and all vowels /a/, /ə/ ⟨e⟩, /ɛ/ ⟨e⟩ ⟪é⟫, /i/, /o/, /u/, will sometimes remove initial /k/.)
menge-(IPA(key): /məŋə/, before monosyllabic roots.)
meny-(IPA(key): /məɲ/, before initials of /s/, will remove initial /s/.)
Such initial consonant losses are known as kaidah KPST "KPST rule", and those beginning in consonant clusters can be optionally undeleted as a form of non-standard spelling (program → memrogram, memprogram; kritik → mengritik, mengkritik, stabil → menytabilkan, menstabilkan). Note that the medial consonant clusters -mr-, -ngr-/ŋr/, -nyt-/ɲt/ is somewhat unusual, but the first forms are usually less common than second ones.
The colloquial forms are shown, because of Betawin-, in the list below:
For the word mempunyai, the initial /p/ is not removed because of habit or etymological reasons.
For the word kaji has two prefixed forms, (regular) mengaji and (irregular) mengkaji, which have different meanings. The former means "to read Quran", while the latter means "to study".