n-

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See also: Appendix:Variations of "n"

Translingual

Prefix

n-

  1. (SI prefix) Abbreviation of nano-.

English

Etymology

Abbreviation of normal.

Pronunciation

Prefix

n-

  1. (organic chemistry) normal-form of a functional group (or molecule), being the long-chain form (unbranched chain)

Coordinate terms

  • s- (secondary form)
  • t- (tertiary form)

Derived terms

English terms prefixed with n-

Translations

Translations

See also

Abenaki

Alternative forms

Etymology

Related to nia (“I, me”).

Prefix

n-

  1. (prefixed to nouns, used before consonants) my
  2. (prefixed to verbs, used before consonants) I
  3. (prefixed to verbs, used before consonants) I (exclusive we)

Coordinate terms

  • nd- (used before vowels)

Albanian

Alternative forms

  • ën- — Buzuku
  • m- — before labials

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁én (“in”).

Prefix

n-

  1. intensive prefix. on, to, at

Derived terms

Albanian terms prefixed with n-

References

  1. ^ Schumacher, Stefan, Matzinger, Joachim (2013) Die Verben des Altalbanischen: Belegwörterbuch, Vorgeschichte und Etymologie (Albanische Forschungen; 33) (in German), Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, →ISBN
  2. ^ Orel, Vladimir E. (2000) A concise historical grammar of the Albanian language: reconstruction of Proto-Albanian‎, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 168

Aromanian

Prefix

n-

  1. Alternative form of ãn-

Big Nambas

Alternative forms

Etymology

From Proto-Oceanic *na

Article

n-

  1. The noun article. Added to nouns and verb stems to affirm nominal use. Has an element of definiteness. Also used in derivation.

Usage notes

This form used before vowels. Before consonants, the form na- is used.

References

Dutch

Etymology

From Middle Dutch ne, en, from Old Dutch ne, from Proto-Germanic *ne.

Prefix

n-

  1. Used to negate the pronoun or adverb which follows it, yielding the same part of speech

Derived terms

Dutch terms prefixed with n-

Egyptian

Prefix

n
  1. forms intransitive or reflexive verbs from existing verbs

Derived terms

Egyptian terms prefixed with n-

Prefix

n
  1. Alternative form of m- (noun-forming prefix) before labial consonants

References

  • Satzinger, Helmut (2017) “A Lexicon of Egyptian Lexical Roots (Project)” in Quaderni di Vicino Oriente, volume 12, pages 213–223

Emilian

Pronunciation

Pronoun

n- (adverbial)

  1. (before a vowel) Alternative form of in
    A-g n-ò dimándi. ― I have a lot (of them).

French

Etymology

Abbreviation of normale.

Pronunciation

Prefix

n-

  1. (organic chemistry) n-; (normal-form)

Derived terms

French terms prefixed with n-

Kamba

Alternative forms

Prefix

n-

  1. I (used for conjugating verbs to the subjective or nominative case of the personal pronoun)

Maltese

Etymology 1

From Arabic نَ (na, first-person plural imperfect prefix). The use also for the first-person singular is found in Maghrebi Arabic dialects.

Alternative forms

Prefix

n-

  1. First-person prefix in the imperfect conjugation
    ‎n- + ‎kiteb (“he wrote”) → ‎nikteb (“I write”)

Etymology 2

Article

n-

  1. Alternative form of il-
Usage notes
  • Used after a vowel and before the letter n. For details on usage, see the main lemma.

Neapolitan

Alternative forms

  • m-, l- (from assimilation to following consonants)

Etymology

Inherited from Latin in-.

Prefix

n-

  1. in

Derived terms

Neapolitan terms prefixed with n-

Ojibwe

Prefix

n-

  1. Alternative form of ni-

Usage notes

n- appears before stems that begin with the vowels oo and ii.

See also

Ojibwe personal prefixes
stem begins with... 1st person 2nd person 3rd person
Consonants p t k h ch m n s sh w y ni- gi- o-
d g ' j z zh nin-
b nim-
Vowels o nindo- gido- odo-
a aa e i nind- gid- od-
oo n- g-
ii w-

Old Irish

Prefix

n- (class A infixed pronoun)

  1. us

Derived terms

Old Irish terms prefixed with n-

See also

Old Irish affixed pronouns

See Appendix:Old Irish affixed pronouns for details on how these forms are used.
Note that the so-called “infixed” pronouns are technically prefixes, but they are never the first prefix in a verbal complex.

Person Infixed Suffixed
Class A Class B Class C
1 sing. m-L dom-L, dam-L -um
2 sing. t-L dot-L, dat-L, dut-L, dit-L -ut
3 sing. m. a-N, e-N d-N id-N, did-N, d-N -i, -it
3 sing. f. s-(N) da- -us
3 sing. n. a-L, e-L d-L id-L, did-L, d-L -i, -it
1 pl. n- don-, dun-, dan- -unn
2 pl. b- dob-, dub-, dab- -uib
3 pl. s-(N) da- -us
L means this form triggers lenition.
N means this form triggers nasalization (eclipsis)
(N) means this form triggers nasalization in some texts but not in others.

Prefix

n- (class B & C infixed pronoun)

  1. Alternative form of d-

Swahili

Alternative forms

  • (before a vowel) ny-
  • (before labial consonants) m-

Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *n-.

Prefix

n- (plural n-)

  1. n class(IX/X) noun prefix and adjective agreement prefix, denoting animals and miscellaneous nouns as well as their plurals, and plurals of some u class(XI) nouns
    nguo nzuri ― a nice piece of cloth/nice clothes
    ‎ulimi (“tongue”) → ‎ndimi (“tongues”)

Usage notes

Foreign borrowings that cannot fit other classes morphologically usually behave as n class(IX), but do not take this prefix.

Except for nouns where the stem is of one syllable, n can only be followed by g, d, j, y, and z in Swahili. As a result of this, when the stem starts with a vowel, n- changes to ny-, when it starts with a b or v it changes to m-, and *nw-, *nl-, and *nr- becomes mb-, nd-, and nd- respectively. In front of any stems where these rules cannot be applied, it disappears.

See also

Tooro

Alternative forms

  • (before /β/, /m/, /h/ or /p/) m-
  • (before a vowel) ny-

Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *ǹ-.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /n̩-/, (after /ɡ/ or /k/) , (after a vowel) /n-/

Prefix

n-

  1. I, 1st person singular subject concord
    ‎n- + ‎-kora (“to do”) → ‎nkora (“I do”)
  2. positive imperative form of -n- (“me; 1st person singular object concord”)
    ‎n- + ‎-ha (“to give”) → ‎mpa (“give me”)

See also

Tooro personal pronouns
Class Person Independent Possessive Subject concord Object concord Combined forms
na ni
Class 1 First nyowe, nye -ange n- -n- nanyowe, nanye ninyowe, ninye
Second iwe -awe o- -ku- naiwe niiwe
Third uwe -e a- -mu- nawe nuwe
Class 2 First itwe -aitu tu- -tu- naitwe niitwe
Second inywe -anyu mu- -ba- nainywe niinywe
Third abo -abo ba- -ba- nabo nubo
Class 3 gwo -agwo gu- -gu- nagwo nugwo
Class 4 yo -ayo e- -gi- nayo niyo
Class 5 lyo -alyo li- -li- nalyo niryo
Class 6 go -ago ga- -ga- nago nugo
Class 7 kyo -akyo ki- -ki- nakyo nikyo
Class 8 byo -abyo bi- -bi- nabyo nibyo
Class 9 yo -ayo e- -gi- nayo niyo
Class 10 zo -azo zi- -zi- nazo nizo
Class 11 rwo -arwo ru- -ru- narwo nurwo
Class 12 ko -ako ka- -ka- nako nuko
Class 13 two -atwo tu- -tu- natwo nutwo
Class 14 bwo -abwo bu- -bu- nabwo nubwo
Class 15 kwo -akwo ku- -ku- nakwo nukwo
Class 16 ho -aho ha- -ha- naho nuho
Class 17 (kwo) N/A ha-
(...-yo) 		-ha- N/A nukwo
Class 18 (mwo) -amwo ha-
(...-mu) 		-ha- N/A numwo
Reflexive -enyini, -onyini — -e- —

References

  • Kaji, Shigeki (2007) A Rutooro Vocabulary‎, Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA), →ISBN, page 413

Ye'kwana

Etymology 1

Cognate to prefixes analyzed as object nominalizers, switching nominalized forms from nouns of action to nouns referring to the patient argument. The Caura River form has a rather different scope of use.

Pronunciation

Prefix

n-

  1. Marks that (person markers on) a derivation from a transitive verb refer to the agent argument of the verb rather than the patient argument; used with verbs adverbialized with -e or nominalized with -dü or -'jüdü.
Usage notes

This prefix comes between the person marker and the verb stem.

Etymology 2

Alternative forms

  • ni- (allomorph before a consonant)

Pronunciation

Prefix

n-

  1. Marks a nonderived transitive verb as having a third-person agent/subject and patient/object.
  2. Marks a nonderived intransitive verb with agent-like or patient-like argument as having a third-person argument/subject.
Usage notes

The form n- is used with stems that start with a vowel; ni- is used with those that start with a consonant, in which case the initial consonant is also palatalized.

This person marker is used with all types of verbs when marked with originally nonderived tense/aspect/mood markers, excepting only the admonitive -'no and prohibitive -i negative command suffixes and the uncertain future marker -tai, which require the transcategorical third person marker y-, and the distant past markers, which require the distance-specific person morpheme kün-.

Though in all other circumstances Ye'kwana third-person prefixes also cover the first person dual exclusive, this prefix is not used when the patient of a transitive verb is first-person-dual-exclusive.

Inflection
Ye'kwana personal markers
pronoun noun possessor/
series II verb argument 		postposition object series I verb argument
transitive patient intransitive patient-like intransitive agent-like transitive agent
first person ewü y-, ∅-, ü-, u-1 w-, wi-
first person dual inclusive küwü k-, kü-, ku-, ki- k-, kii-, ki-1
second person amödö ö-, öy-/öd-, o-, oy-/od-, a-, ay-/ad- m-, mi-
first person dual exclusive nña y-/d-, ch-, ∅-, i-1 chö- ∅- n-, ni-
third person tüwü n-, ni-
distant past third person — kün-, kun-, kin-, ken-, küm-, kum-, kim-, kini-
coreferential/reflexive — t-, tü-, tu-, ti-, te- —
reciprocal — — öö-
  1. With following vowel lengthened if in an unreduced open syllable.
series I verb argument:
transitive agent and transitive patient
first person > second person mön-, man-, mon-, möm-, möni-
first person dual exclusive > second person
second person > first person k-, kü-, ku-, ki-
second person > first person dual exclusive
third person > any person X …or… any person X > third person see person X in the chart above

References

  • Cáceres, Natalia (2011) “n-”, in Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana‎, Lyon, pages 152, 182–184, 190–191, 200, 202–203

Zulu

Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *n-.

Prefix

n-

  1. Class 9 simple noun prefix.

Usage notes

The variant form m- is used before stems beginning with a labial consonant (b, f, m, p, v).

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