si-

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Choctaw

Prefix

si- (except before a/o sa-, class II first-person singular)

  1. the direct object of an active transitive verb
    me
  2. the subject of a stative intransitive verb
    I
  3. indicates possession of a noun
    my

Usage notes

Class II person markers are used for possession only for a small set of words, mostly including kinship terms and body parts.

Inflection

Chuukese

Prefix

si-

  1. First-person plural inclusive subject marker for tense modifying adverbs.

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

Prefix

si-

  1. Forms neuter perfective (adjectival) verbs
Derived terms

References

  • Robert W. Young and William Morgan, Sr. (1987) The Navajo Language. A Grammar and Colloquial Dictionary, Albuquerque, New Mexico: University of New Mexico Press, page 684.

Etymology 2

Prefix

si-

  1. my, me
Usage notes

This is an alternative form of shi- which comes about in some words as a result of coronal harmony. See, for example, sikʼis, sitsilí. This once firm rule has become optional, and today most Navajo speakers actually prefer to ignore the rules of sibilant (coronal) harmony, especially when there is relatively greater distance between the 1st-person shi- and the alveolar sibilant in the root.

See also
Navajo possessive pronouns
singular dual plural
1st person shi- nihi- danihi-
2nd person ni- nihi- danihi-
3rd person bi-
4th person (3o) yi-
4th person (3a) ha-, hw-
indefinite person (3i) a-

Etymology 3

Prefix

si-

  1. Marks the third person singular/duoplural of si-perfective verbs, although it is typically realized as s- or z-
Conjugation

With the ∅- classifier:

perfective singular duoplural plural
1st person sé- siid- dasii-
2nd person síní- soo- dasoo-
3rd person z- daaz-
4th person jiz- dajiz-

With the ł- classifier:

perfective singular duoplural plural
1st person sé- siid- dasii-
2nd person síní- soo- dasoo-
3rd person s- daas-
4th person jis- dajis-

With the ∅- classifier and coronal harmony:

perfective singular duoplural plural
1st person shé- shiid- dashii-
2nd person shíní- shoo- dashoo-
3rd person zh- daazh-
4th person jizh- dajizh-

With the ł- classifier and coronal harmony:

perfective singular duoplural plural
1st person shé- shiid- dashii-
2nd person shíní- shoo- dashoo-
3rd person sh- daash-
4th person jish- dajish-

With the l- and d- classifiers:

perfective singular duoplural plural
1st person sis- siid- dasii-
2nd person síní- sooh- dasoo-
3rd person s- daas-
4th person jis- dajis-

With the l- and d- classifiers and coronal harmony:

perfective singular duoplural plural
1st person shish- shiid- dashii-
2nd person shíní- shooh- dashoo-
3rd person sh- daash-
4th person jish- dajish-
Derived terms

Northern Ndebele

Etymology 1

From Proto-Bantu *tʊ̀-, via an intermediate form *tɪ̀-.

Prefix

si-

  1. we; first-person plural subject concord.

Etymology 2

From Proto-Bantu *tʊ́-, via an intermediate form *tɪ́-.

Prefix

si-

  1. us; first-person plural object concord.

Etymology 3

From Proto-Bantu *kɪ́-.

Prefix

si-

  1. he, she, it; class 7 subject concord.
  2. him, her, it; class 7 object concord.

Phuthi

Etymology 1

From Proto-Bantu *tʊ̀-, via an intermediate form *tɪ̀-.

Prefix

si-

  1. we; first-person plural subject concord.

Etymology 2

From Proto-Bantu *tʊ́-, via an intermediate form *tɪ́-.

Prefix

si-

  1. us; first-person plural object concord.

Etymology 3

From Proto-Bantu *kɪ́-kɪ̀-.

Prefix

si-

  1. Class 7 noun prefix.

Etymology 4

From Proto-Bantu *kɪ́-.

Prefix

si-

  1. he, she, it; class 7 subject concord.
  2. him, her, it; class 7 object concord.

Southern Ndebele

Etymology 1

From Proto-Bantu *tʊ̀-, via an intermediate form *tɪ̀-.

Prefix

si-

  1. we; first-person plural subject concord.

Etymology 2

From Proto-Bantu *tʊ́-, via an intermediate form *tɪ́-.

Prefix

si-

  1. us; first-person plural object concord.

Etymology 3

From Proto-Bantu *kɪ́-.

Prefix

si-

  1. he, she, it; class 7 subject concord.
  2. him, her, it; class 7 object concord.

Sundanese

Etymology

Compare Old Javanese asi- (emphatic particle)

Prefix

si- (Sundanese script ᮞᮤ-)

  1. verb-forming prefix indicating an action done to oneself (reflexive verb)
    si- + ‎beungeut → ‎sibeungeut (to wash one's face)
    si- + ‎banyo → ‎sibanyo (to wash one's hand)
    si- + ‎duru → ‎siduru (to warm oneself near a fire)
    si- + ‎dakep → ‎sidakep (to cross one's arm)

Usage notes

  • Appears to be no longer productive in contemporary Sundanese, as the words prefixed with si- are now considered their own words. This appears in conjugations like saribanyo or nyibeungeutan.

Derived terms

References

  1. ^ D. K. Ardiwinata (1984) Ayatrohaedi, transl., Tata Bahasa Sunda (ILDEP)‎ (in Indonesian), Jakarta: Balai Pustaka, translation of Elmoening Basa Soenda pikeun pangadjaran di sakola2, djiiid I, page 95

Further reading

Swahili

Pronunciation

  • Audio (Kenya):(file)

Etymology 1

Prefix

si-

  1. I do not, 1st person singular negative subject concord
    Antonym: ni-
See also
Swahili personal pronouns (m-wa class(I/II))
person independent subject concord object
concord
combined forms possessive
affirmative negative na ndi- si-
singular first mimi ni- si- -ni- nami, na mimi ndimi, ndiye simi, siye -angu
second wewe u- hu- -ku- nawe, na wewe ndiwe, ndiye siwe, siye -ako
third yeye a-, yu- ha-, hayu- -m-, -mw-, -mu- naye, na yeye ndiye siye -ake
plural first sisi tu- hatu- -tu- nasi, na sisi ndisi, ndio sio -etu
second ninyi m-, mw-, mu- ham-, hamw-, hamu- -wa- nanyi, na ninyi ndinyi, ndio sinyi, sio -enu
third wao wa- hawa- -wa- nao ndio sio -ao
reflexive -ji-
For a full table including other classes, see Appendix:Swahili personal pronouns.

Etymology 2

Prefix

si-

  1. the negative emphatic copula or negative focusing copula: expresses "it is not" with an inflected object
    Antonym: ndi-
Inflection

See also

Swazi

Etymology 1

From Proto-Bantu *tʊ̀-, via an intermediate form *tɪ̀-.

Prefix

si-

  1. we; first-person plural subject concord.

Etymology 2

From Proto-Bantu *tʊ́-, via an intermediate form *tɪ́-.

Prefix

si-

  1. us; first-person plural object concord.

Etymology 3

From Proto-Bantu *kɪ́-kɪ̀-.

Prefix

si-

  1. Class 7 noun prefix.

Etymology 4

From Proto-Bantu *kɪ́-.

Prefix

si-

  1. he, she, it; class 7 subject concord.
  2. him, her, it; class 7 object concord.

Tabaru

Prefix

si-

  1. applicative prefix

Tocharian A

Verb

si-

  1. to drain

Tocharian B

Verb

si-

  1. to drain

Xhosa

Etymology 1

From Proto-Bantu *tʊ̀-, via an intermediate form *tɪ̀-.

Prefix

si-

  1. we; first-person plural subject concord.

Etymology 2

From Proto-Bantu *tʊ́-, via an intermediate form *tɪ́-.

Prefix

si-

  1. us; first-person plural object concord.

Etymology 3

From Proto-Bantu *kɪ́-.

Prefix

si-

  1. he, she, it; class 7 subject concord.
  2. him, her, it; class 7 object concord.

Zulu

Etymology 1

From Proto-Bantu *tʊ̀-, via an intermediate form *tɪ̀-.

Prefix

si-

  1. we; first-person plural subject concord.

Etymology 2

From Proto-Bantu *tʊ́-, via an intermediate form *tɪ́-.

Prefix

sí-

  1. us; first-person plural object concord.

Etymology 3

From Proto-Bantu *kɪ̀-.

Prefix

si-

  1. Class 7 simple noun prefix.

Etymology 4

From Proto-Bantu *kɪ́-.

Prefix

sí-

  1. he, she, it; class 7 subject concord.
  2. him, her, it; class 7 object concord.

References