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the d- classifier or valence-changeprefix, a detransitivizing prefix of active verbs that modifies the transitivity or valence and grammatical voice of a verb, occurs in most passive, mediopassive, reflexive, and reciprocal verbs that are derived from verbs with a ∅- classifier; it produces the agentivepassive verb forms
The d-classifier rarely appears as a /d/, but instead usually triggers a process called d-effect, which can voice voiceless consonants and add a glottal stop before nasals and approximants.
This form merges with the prefixes ad-, aith-, ess-, and in- to form at-; with com- to become cot-; and with fris- become frit-.
The neuter singular form is often used pleonastically, in cases where the direct object is mentioned explicitly in the sentence (and is not necessarily even neuter singular).
See Appendix:Old Irish affixed pronouns for details on how these forms are used.
Note that the so-called “infixed” pronouns are technically prefixes, but they are never the first prefix in a verbal complex.
L means this form triggers lenition. N means this form triggers nasalization (eclipsis) (N) means this form triggers nasalization in some texts but not in others.