calad

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Old Irish

Etymology 1

From Proto-Celtic *kaletos. Cognate with Welsh caled.

Adjective

calad

  1. hard
Inflection
o/ā-stem
singular masculine feminine neuter
nominative calad calad calad
vocative calaid*
calad**
accusative calad calaid
genitive calaid cailte calaid
dative calad calaid calad
plural masculine feminine/neuter
nominative calaid cailtea
vocative cailtiu
cailtea†
accusative cailtiu
cailtea†
genitive calad
dative cailtib

*modifying a noun whose vocative is different from its nominative
**modifying a noun whose vocative is identical to its nominative
† not when substantivized

Descendants
  • Middle Irish: calad

Etymology 2

Possibly from Late Latin calatum, but more likely a substantive use of Etymology 1, i.e. solid land as opposed to the sea (eDIL).

Noun

calad m

  1. shore, port, landing
Declension
Masculine o-stem
singular dual plural
nominative calad caladL calaidL
vocative calaid caladL caladuH
accusative caladN caladL caladuH
genitive calaidL calad caladN
dative caladL caladaib caladaib
Initial mutations of a following adjective:
  • H = triggers aspiration
  • L = triggers lenition
  • N = triggers nasalization
Descendants

Mutation

Mutation of calad
radical lenition nasalization
calad chalad calad
pronounced with /ɡ-/

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Further reading

Spanish

Verb

calad

  1. second-person plural imperative of calar
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