etja

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Icelandic

Etymology

From Old Norse etja, from Proto-Germanic *atjaną, from Pre-Germanic *h₃odéyeti, causative of Proto-Indo-European *h₃ed- (“to hate”).

Pronunciation

Verb

etja (weak verb, third-person singular past indicative atti, supine att)

  1. to incite, provoke, egg on
    Synonyms: æsa, espa, spana, eggja

Conjugation

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etja — active voice (germynd)
infinitive
(nafnháttur) 		að etja
supine
(sagnbót) 		att
present participle
(lýsingarháttur nútíðar) 		etjandi
indicative
(framsöguháttur) 		subjunctive
(viðtengingarháttur)
present
(nútíð) 		ég et við etjum present
(nútíð) 		ég etji við etjum
þú etur þið etjið þú etjir þið etjið
hann, hún, það etur þeir, þær, þau etja hann, hún, það etji þeir, þær, þau etji
past
(þátíð) 		ég atti við öttum past
(þátíð) 		ég etti við ettum
þú attir þið öttuð þú ettir þið ettuð
hann, hún, það atti þeir, þær, þau öttu hann, hún, það etti þeir, þær, þau ettu
imperative
(boðháttur) 		et (þú) etjið (þið)
Forms with appended personal pronoun
ettu etjiði *
* Spoken form, usually not written; in writing, the unappended plural form (optionally followed by the full pronoun) is preferred.

Old Norse

Etymology 1

From Proto-Germanic *atjaną, from Pre-Germanic *h₃odéyeti, causative of Proto-Indo-European *h₃ed- (“to hate”).

Verb

etja

  1. (transitive, with dative) to incite, egg (goad) on to fight
    etja hestum
    to make horses fight
    etja saman manndrápum
    to incite two parties to manslaughter
    • c. 850, Þjóðólfr ór Hvíni, Ynglingatal, verse 4
      […] þás meinþjóf / markar ǫttu
      setrs verjendr / á sinn fǫður. […]
      When the warders of the pasture incited the harm-thief of the marchlands against their father.
  2. (transitive, with accusative) to exhort
    etja til þolinmœði
    to exhort one to patience
  3. (transitive, with dative) to put forth
    hann etr fram skallanum
    he exposes his bare skull (to the blows)
  4. etja ráðum, hvárt ..., to consider, if …;
  5. to fight against
    etja við afls-mun (liðsmun), to fight against odds;
  6. (reflexive, with dative), to contend with one;
    ef menn etjast vitnum á
    if men contend (plead) with witnesses
Conjugation
Conjugation of etja — active (weak class 1)
infinitive etja
present participle etjandi
past participle attr
indicative present past
1st-person singular et atta
2nd-person singular etr attir
3rd-person singular etr atti
1st-person plural etjum ǫttum
2nd-person plural etið ǫttuð
3rd-person plural etja ǫttu
subjunctive present past
1st-person singular etja atta
2nd-person singular etir attir
3rd-person singular eti atti
1st-person plural etim attim
2nd-person plural etið attið
3rd-person plural eti atti
imperative present
2nd-person singular et
1st-person plural etjum
2nd-person plural etið
Conjugation of etja — mediopassive (weak class 1)
infinitive etjask
present participle etjandisk
past participle etzk
indicative present past
1st-person singular etjumk ǫttumk
2nd-person singular etsk attisk
3rd-person singular etsk attisk
1st-person plural etjumsk ǫttumsk
2nd-person plural etizk ǫttuzk
3rd-person plural etjask ǫttusk
subjunctive present past
1st-person singular etjumk attumk
2nd-person singular etisk attisk
3rd-person singular etisk attisk
1st-person plural etimsk attimsk
2nd-person plural etizk attizk
3rd-person plural etisk attisk
imperative present
2nd-person singular etsk
1st-person plural etjumsk
2nd-person plural etizk
Descendants
  • Icelandic: etja

Etymology 2

From Proto-Germanic *atjaną, from *etaną + *-janą, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ed- (“to eat”).

Verb

etja

  2. (transitive, with dative) to cause to be eaten
    etja heyvi, heyjum
    to feed cattle upon hay
Conjugation
Conjugation of etja — active (weak class 1)
infinitive etja
present participle etjandi
past participle attr
indicative present past
1st-person singular et atta
2nd-person singular etr attir
3rd-person singular etr atti
1st-person plural etjum attum
2nd-person plural etið attuð
3rd-person plural etja attu
subjunctive present past
1st-person singular etja atta
2nd-person singular etir attir
3rd-person singular eti atti
1st-person plural etim attim
2nd-person plural etið attið
3rd-person plural eti atti
imperative present
2nd-person singular et
1st-person plural etjum
2nd-person plural etið
Conjugation of etja — mediopassive (weak class 1)
infinitive etjask
present participle etjandisk
past participle etzk
indicative present past
1st-person singular etjumk attumk
2nd-person singular etsk attisk
3rd-person singular etsk attisk
1st-person plural etjumsk attumsk
2nd-person plural etizk attuzk
3rd-person plural etjask attusk
subjunctive present past
1st-person singular etjumk attumk
2nd-person singular etisk attisk
3rd-person singular etisk attisk
1st-person plural etimsk attimsk
2nd-person plural etizk attizk
3rd-person plural etisk attisk
imperative present
2nd-person singular etsk
1st-person plural etjumsk
2nd-person plural etizk

References

  • “etja”, in Geir T. Zoëga (1910) A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press
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