gûasem

Old Tupi

Alternative forms

basem, mbasem, ûasem
basẽ, gûasẽ (São Vicente)

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *wat͡sẽm, from Proto-Tupian *atẽm.^[1]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key):
Rhymes: -ɛ̃m
Hyphenation: gûa‧sem

Verb

gûasem (first-person singular active indicative agûasem, first-person singular negative active indicative n'agûasemi, first-person singular gerund gûigûasema, noun gûasema) (intransitive)

to arrive by land^[2]
to find; to locate
Synonym: obaîtĩ
- 1618, Antônio de Araújo, chapter VI, in Cateciſmo na Lingoa Braſilica [Catechism in the Brazilian Language], Livro Terceiro do Cathecismo, e summa da Doctrina Christam (overall work in Old Tupi, Portuguese, and Latin), Lisbon: Pedro Crasbeeck, page 59:
  Oporandubenhè, niangai paba amo çupe / Ogoacema ruã tè.
  [Oporandu benhẽ, n'i angaîpaba amõ supé ogûasema ruã-te.]
  Asked him again, but finding none of his malice.

Usage notes

Old Tupi had three distinct verbs that translated to arrive, depending on the route taken: gûasem or syk when arriving by land and îepotar when arriving by water. With the evolution of the language and further contact with Portuguese, syk took the role of gûasem in Língua Geral, and by the 19th century the land–water difference no more existed.

Conjugation

Conjugation of gûasem (intransitive, consonant ending) (See Appendix:Old Tupi verbs)

Note: not all forms are attested, most of the table is reconstructed based on known patterns.

Deverbals
Causative	mogûasem
Causative-comitative	erogûasem
-ba'e	ogûasemyba'e
-sab(a)	gûasembaba
-sar(a)	gûasembara
	Singular		Singular & Plural	Plural
	1^st person	2^nd person	3^rd person	1^st person exclusive	1^st person inclusive	2^nd person
Verbal forms
Active
Indicative	agûasem	eregûasem	ogûasem	orogûasem	îagûasem	pegûasem
Permissive	t'agûasem	t'eregûasem	t'ogûasem	t'orogûasem	t'îagûasem	ta pegûasem
Imperative		egûasem				pegûasem
Negative indicative	n'agûasemi	n'eregûasemi	n'ogûasemi	n'orogûasemi	n'îagûasemi	na pegûasemi
Negative permissive	t'agûasem umẽ	t'eregûasem umẽ	t'ogûasem umẽ	t'orogûasem umẽ	t'îagûasem umẽ	ta pegûasem umẽ
Negative imperative		egûasem umẽ				pegûasem umẽ
Gerund
Affirmative	gûigûasema	egûasema	ogûasema	orogûasema	îagûasema	pegûasema
Negative	gûigûaseme'yma	egûaseme'yma	ogûaseme'yma	orogûaseme'yma	îagûaseme'yma	pegûaseme'yma
Nominal forms
Infinitive
Affirmative	gûasema
Negative	gûaseme'yma
Circumstantial
Affirmative	xe gûasemi		i gûasemi	oré gûasemi	îandé gûasemi
Negative	xe gûaseme'ymi		i gûaseme'ymi	oré gûaseme'ymi	îandé gûaseme'ymi

Derived terms

Descendants

Nheengatu: wasemu, wasema

References

^ Andrey Nikulin (2020) Proto-Macro-Jê: um estudo reconstrutivo‎ (in Portuguese), Brasília: UnB
^ anonymous author (1622) “Chegar por terra”, in Vocabulario na lingoa Braſilica (overall work in Portuguese), Piratininga; republished as Carlos Drummond, editor, Vocabulário na Língua Brasílica, 2nd edition, volume 1, São Paulo: USP, 1953, page 72: “Aguacem [Agûasem]”

Eduardo de Almeida Navarro (2013) “gûasem”, in Dicionário de tupi antigo: a língua indígena clássica do Brasil [Dictionary of Old Tupi: The Classical Indigenous Language of Brazil] (overall work in Portuguese), São Paulo: Global, →ISBN, page 136, column 1

[1] Andrey Nikulin (2020) Proto-Macro-Jê: um estudo reconstrutivo‎ (in Portuguese), Brasília: UnB

[2] ymous author (1622) “Chegar por terra”, in Vocabulario na lingoa Braſilica (overall work in Portuguese), Piratininga; republished as Carlos Drummond, editor, Vocabulário na Língua Brasílica, 2nd edition, volume 1, São Paulo: USP, 1953, page 72: “Aguacem [Agûasem]”

[1]

[2]