Appendix:Old Tupi pronunciation

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Old Tupi phonemes as they are represented by the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). The Tupian alphabet used is the one developed by Antônio Lemos Barbosa and slightly modified by Eduardo de Almeida Navarro.

Phonology

Consonants

Old Tupi (16th-17th century)
Labial Coronal Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasals /m/ /n/ /(ɲ)/ /ŋ/
Plosive prenasalized /(ᵐb)/ /(ⁿd)/ /(ᵑɡ)/
voiceless /p/ /t/ /k/ /ʔ/
Fricative /β/ /s/ /ʃ/ /(ɣ)/ /h/?
Semivowel /(w~ɡʷ)/ /(j)/ /(ɨ̯)/
Flap /ɾ/
Língua Geral Amazônica (18th-19th century)
Labial Coronal Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasals /m/ /n/ /(ɲ)/ /ŋ/
Plosive prenasalized /(ᵐb)/ /(ⁿd)/ /(ᵑɡ)/
voiceless /p/ /t/ /k/ /(ʔ)/
Fricative voiceless /(β)/ /s/ /ʃ/ /(ɣ)/
voiced (/ʒ/)
Semivowel /(w~ɡʷ)/ /(j)/ /(ɨ̯)/
Flap /ɾ/
Língua Geral Paulista (18th-20th century)
Labial Coronal Palatal Velar
Nasals /m/ /n/ /(ɲ)/
Plosive voiceless /p/ /t/ /k/
voiced /b/ /ɡ/
Fricative voiceless /s/ /ʃ/
voiced /v/ /ʒ/
Semivowel /(w~ɡʷ)/ /(j)/
Flap /ɾ/
Lateral approximant /l/

Vowels

Old Tupi
Front Central Back
Close /i/ /ĩ/ /ɨ/ /ɨ̃/ /u/ /ũ/
Mid /e/ /ẽ/ /o/ /õ/
Open /a/ /ã/
Língua Geral Amazônica
Front Central Back
Close /i/ /ĩ/ /(ɨ)/ /(ɨ̃)/ /u/ /ũ/
Mid /e/ /ẽ/ /o/ /õ/
Open /a/ /ã/
Língua Geral Paulista
Front Central Back
Close /i/ /ĩ/ /u/ /ũ/
Mid /e/ /ẽ/ /o/ /õ/
Open /a/ /ã/
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Nasal allophone of .
  2. ^ Allophone of /s/ after /i/ in most cases, but can be considered a phoneme in a few words like makaxera, poxy and xe.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 A phone that appeared between /ɨ/ and other vowels.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Allophone of /u/ near other vowels when a glottal stop is not present, in free variation with in onset.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Allophone of /i/ near other vowels when a glottal stop is not present.
  6. ^ Lost as a phoneme by the 19th century. Still present as an intervocalic phone in Nheengatu, but not in fast speech.
  7. ^ Merged with by the 19th century.
  8. ^ Onset allophone of , in free variation. Present as a distinguished phoneme in a few words in Rio Negro's Nheengatu, like jí (“axe”) and jibuya (“boa”).
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Many authors disagree this nasal counterpart existed, but that doesn't explain words like nhũ and apekũ: it couldn't be a coda /m/ or /n/, since nouns couldn't end in a consonant.
  10. ^ Merged with /i/ or /u/ in many regions. Completely lost in modern Rio Negro's Nheengatu

Comparative table

Consonants
IPA Representation Example
Tupi LGA LGP Hist. Norm.
ʔ ∅, ¨ ' mba'‎e (“thing”)
β b b abá (“man”)
ɣ g g ygara (“canoe”)
h h h hẽhẽ (“yes”)
k c, g, qu, x (ky) k ka'a (“forest”)
m m m mokaba (“gun”)
ᵐb b, mb mb mboîa (“snake”)
n n n nambi (“ear”)
ⁿd d nd nde (“you”)
ŋ g, ng ng nhe'eng (“to speak”)
ᵑɡ ng
ɲ gn, ñ, nh nh kunhã (“woman”)
p b, p p pó (“hand”)
ɾ r r gûariba (“howler monkey”)
s s s sy (“mother”)
t t t tatu (“armadillo”)
ʃ ch, sch, x x ixé (“I”)
l l columi (“boy”)
v v uvaca (“sky”)
ɡ g gurâſû (“sun”)
ʒ g, j ragira (“daughter”)
j i, j, y î îasy (“moon”)
w o, u, w û apûã (“pointy”)
ɡʷ go, gu gû gûará (“scarlet ibis”)
ɨ̯ i, ig, y, yg ŷ apŷaba (“man”)
Vowels
a a a arara (“macaw”)
e e e sykyîé (“fear”)
i i, j, y i karaíba (“white man”)
o au, o o só (“to go”)
u ou u gûasu (“big”)
ɨ e, i, î, ig, j, ou, ouy, u, y, yg y 'ybá (“fruit”)
ã â, ã, an ã marã (“evil”)
ẽ ẽ, em ẽ nha'ẽ (“plate”)
ĩ ĩ, im ĩ mirĩ (“small”)
õ õ, om õ mokõi (“two”)
ũ ũ, um ũ apekũ (“tongue”)
ɨ̃ u, ũ ỹ amỹîa (“grandfather”)
Diacritics
Use
´ Primary stress
~ Nasalisation
^ Semivowel
  1. ^ Some scholars disagree this sound existed in Old Tupi, saying it came from a misundertanding of the Europeans at the time and that was used in all cases.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Antônio Lemos Barbosa (1956) Curso de tupi antigo: gramática, exercícios, textos (in Portuguese), Rio de Janeiro: Livraria São José, page 26
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Eduardo de Almeida Navarro (1998) Método Moderno de Tupi Antigo: a língua do Brasil dos primeiros séculos ‎ (in Portuguese), 3 edition, São Paulo: Global Editora, published 2005, →ISBN
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Aryon Dall'Igna Rodrigues (1958) Phonologie der Tupinambá-Sprache‎ (in German), Hamburg: Universität Hamburg
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Antônio Augusto Souza Mello (2000 March 17) “Reconstruções Lexicais e Cognatos” (chapter III), in Estudo histórico da família linguística tupi-guarani: aspectos fonológicos e lexicais‎ (in Portuguese), Florianópolis: UFSC
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Aline da Cruz (2011) Fonologia e gramática do Nheengatú: a língua geral falada pelos povos Baré, Warekena e Baniwa‎ (in Portuguese), Amsterdam: LOT, →ISBN
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Bárbara Heliodora Lemos de Pinheiro Santos, Aline da Cruz (2021 December) “Empréstimos Linguísticos do Português para a Língua Geral: século XVII ”, in Cadernos de Etnolingüística (in Portuguese), volume 9, number 1, Brasília: Biblioteca Digital Curt Nimuendajú, page e090104
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Ruth Maria Fonini Monserrat (2003) “O tupi do século XVIII (tupi-médio)” (chapter 10), in José Ribamar Bessa Freire, Maria Carlota Rosa, editors, Línguas gerais: política lingüística e catequese na América do Sul no período colonial‎ (in Portuguese), Rio de Janeiro: EDUERJ, →ISBN, pages 185-194
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Ruth Maria Fonini Monserrat (2015) “Observações sobre a fonologia da língua geral amazônica nos três últimos séculos ”, in Cândida Barros, Antônio Luís Lessa, editors, Dicionário da língua geral no Brasil (in Portuguese), Belém: MPEG, →ISBN, pages 19–28
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Bárbara Heliodora Lemos de Pinheiro Santos, Aline da Cruz (2020) “Empréstimos do Português para a Língua Geral no Século XVIII ”, in Revista Brasileira de Línguas Indígenas (in Portuguese), volume 3, number 1, Macapá: UNIFAP, →DOI, pages 160–176
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Original research based on: anonymous author (18th century) Língua geral dos índios das Américas ‎ (overall work in Portuguese and Old Tupi)
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Original research based on: Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius (1867) “Diccionario de Verbos: portuguez tupi-austral e alemâo”, in Wörtersammlung Brasilianischer Sprachen (Beiträge zur Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde Amerika’s zumal Brasiliens; II) (overall work in Portuguese and German), Leipzig: Friedrich Fleischer

Further reading

  • Bárbara Heliodora Lemos de Pinheiro Santos (2020) Empréstimos lexicais do português para a Língua Geral: século XVI ao XXI‎ (in Portuguese), Brasília: UnB, page 190

See also

Wikious
Boobota
Sagapedia