Appendix:Old Tupi pronunciation
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Old Tupi phonemes as they are represented by the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). The Tupian alphabet used is the one developed by Antônio Lemos Barbosa and Eduardo de Almeida Navarro.
| Consonants | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| IPA | Representation | Example | Simmilar to | |
| ʔ | '[n 1] | mba'e (“thing”) | (ʔ)uh-(ʔ)oh | |
| β̞ | b | abá (“man”) | Spanish huevo | |
| ɣ | g | ygara (“canoe”) | Icelandic saga | |
| ɡʷ[n 2] | gû | gûará (“scarlet ibis”) | guano | |
| h | h | hẽhẽ (“yes”) | house | |
| k | k | ka'a (“forest”) | kite | |
| kʷ | kû | kûarasy (“sun”) | quantic | |
| m | m | mokaba (“gun”) | medic | |
| ᵐb | mb | mboîa (“snake”) | Kimbundu mbunda | |
| n | n | nambi (“ear”) | nugget | |
| ⁿd | nd | nde (“you”) | Greek έντομο (éntomo) | |
| ŋ | ng | nhe'eng (“to speak”) | sing | |
| ɲ | nh | kunhã (“woman”) | Spanish jalapeño | |
| p | p | pó (“hand”) | pot | |
| pʲ | pî | epîak (“to see”) | pyeong | |
| pʷ | pû | pûera (“old”) | pueblo | |
| ɾ | r | gûariba (“howler monkey”) | better (AusE) | |
| s | s[n 3] | sy (“mother”) | saturday | |
| t | t | tatu (“armadillo”) | tower | |
| ʃ | x | ixé (“I”) | shock | |
| Semivowels | ||||
| j | î | îasy (“moon”) | yes | |
| w | û | apûã (“pointy”) | watch | |
| ɨ̯ | ŷ | apŷaba (“man”) | ||
| Vowels | ||||
| a | a | arara (“macaw”) | hat (RP) | |
| ɛ | e | sykyîé (“fear”) | bet | |
| i | i | karaíba (“white man”) | free | |
| ɔ | o | só (“to go”) | not (RP) | |
| u | u | gûasu (“big”) | boot | |
| ɨ | y | 'ybá (“fruit”) | Russian быть (bytʹ) | |
| ã | ã | marã (“evil”) | French croissant | |
| a[n 4] | marakanã (“mini-macaw”) | |||
| ɛ̃ | ẽ | nha'ẽ (“plate”) | French brin | |
| e[n 4] | nhe'enga (“language”) | |||
| ĩ | ĩ | mirĩ (“small”) | Portuguese assim | |
| i[n 4] | tinga (“white”) | |||
| ɔ̃ | õ | mokõi (“two”) | French son | |
| o[n 4] | komixã (“grumichama”) | |||
| ũ | ũ | apekũ (“tongue”) | Portuguese um | |
| u[n 4] | una (“black”) | |||
| ɨ̃ | ỹ | amỹîa (“grandfather”) | Japanese 君 (くん, kun) | |
| y[n 4] | aroane'ym (“unproperly”) | |||
| Diacritics | ||
|---|---|---|
| Use | ||
| ´ | Primary stress | |
| ~ | Nasalisation | |
| ^ | Semivowel | |
Notes
- ^ Traditionally represented by a simple apostrophe ('). Other languages that have the glottal stop, namely Guaraní, may prefer to use the modifier letter apostrophe (ʼ) instead.
- ^ Some scholars disagree this sound existed in Tupi, saying it came from a misundertanding of the Europeans at the time and that w was used in all cases.
- ^ Carvalho (1987) uses ç.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 When preceding M, N or next to a nasal vowel.
References
- Antônio Lemos Barbosa (1956) Curso de tupi antigo: gramática, exercícios, textos [Course of Old Tupi: Grammar, Exercises, Texts] (in Portuguese), Rio de Janeiro: Livraria São José
- Moacyr Ribeiro de Carvalho (1987) Dicionário tupi (antigo)-português [(Old) Tupi–Portuguese Dictionary] (in Portuguese), Salvador: Empresa Gráfica da Bahia
- Antônio Augusto Souza Mello (2000 March 17) “Reconstruções Lexicais e Cognatos” (chapter III), in Estudo histórico da família linguística tupi-guarani: aspectos fonológicos e lexicais (in Portuguese), Florianópolis: UFSC, page 141
- Eduardo de Almeida Navarro (2005) Método Moderno de Tupi Antigo: a língua do Brasil dos primeiros séculos [Modern method of Old Tupi: the language of Brazil's early centuries] (in Portuguese), 3 edition, São Paulo: Global Editora, →ISBN
- Eduardo de Almeida Navarro (2013) Dicionário de tupi antigo: a língua indígena clássica do Brasil [Dictionary of Old Tupi: The Classical Indigenous Language of Brazil] (overall work in Portuguese), São Paulo: Global, →ISBN
See also
Tupi language on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
