pakkain

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Ingrian

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *pakkainën. Cognates include Finnish pakkanen and Estonian pakane.

Pronunciation

Noun

pakkain

  1. frost
    • 1936, V. I. Junus, P. L. Maksimov, Inkeroisin keelen oppikirja alkuşkouluja vart (ensimäine osa), Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 6:
      Pakkain paukkaa.
      Päivä ei näy.
      The frost bangs.
      The sun isn't visible.
    • 1936, D. I. Efimov, Lukukirja: Inkeroisia alkușkouluja vart (ensimäine osa), Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 10:
      Kattoi [talvi] pellot ja metsät, saattaa pakkaisen pakkaisen jälest.
      covered the fields and the forests, it sends frost after frost.

Declension

Declension of pakkain (type 1/kärpäin, no gradation)
singular plural
nominative pakkain pakkaiset
genitive pakkaisen pakkaisiin
partitive pakkaista, pakkaist pakkaisia
illative pakkaisee pakkaisii
inessive pakkaisees pakkaisiis
elative pakkaisest pakkaisist
allative pakkaiselle pakkaisille
adessive pakkaiseel pakkaisiil
ablative pakkaiselt pakkaisilt
translative pakkaiseks pakkaisiks
essive pakkaisenna, pakkaiseen pakkaisinna, pakkaisiin
exessive1) pakkaisent pakkaisint
1) obsolete
*) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl)
**) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka? or -kä? to the genitive.

Derived terms

References

  • Ruben E. Nirvi (1971) Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 377

Votic

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *pakkainën.

Pronunciation

Noun

pakkain

  1. frost, freezing weather

Inflection

Declension of pakkain (type XII/sinin, no gradation)
singular plural
nominative pakkain pakkaizõd
genitive pakkaizõ pakkaisiijõ, pakkaisii
partitive pakkaissõ pakkaisiitõ, pakkaisii
illative pakkaisõ, pakkaisõsõ pakkaisiisõ
inessive pakkaizõz pakkaisiiz
elative pakkaizõssõ pakkaisiissõ
allative pakkaizõlõ pakkaisiilõ
adessive pakkaizõllõ pakkaisiillõ
ablative pakkaizõltõ pakkaisiiltõ
translative pakkaizõssi pakkaisiissi
*) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl)
**) the terminative is formed by adding the suffix -ssaa to the short illative (sg) or the genitive.
***) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka to the genitive.

References

  • Hallap, V., Adler, E., Grünberg, S., Leppik, M. (2012) “pakkain”, in Vadja keele sõnaraamat, 2nd edition, Tallinn
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