puraké

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Old Tupi

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key):
  • Rhymes: -ɛ
  • Hyphenation: pu‧ra‧ké

Etymology 1

poraké (sense 1)
poraké (sense 2)

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *purake.

Compare Paraguayan Guaraní porake.

Alternative forms

Noun

puraké (unpossessable)

  1. (North Tupi, hapax) electric eel (Electrophorus electricus)[1]
  2. chola guitarfish (Pseudobatos percellens)[2][3]
Descendants
  • Nheengatu: puraké
  • → Brazilian Portuguese: poraquê, poroquê, puraquê

Etymology 2

Noun

puraké (possessable, Ib class pluriform, absolute muraké)

  1. elbow (joint between upper arm and forearm)[4]
    Synonym: endybangã
Usage notes
  • Vocabulário na Língua Brasílica, from 1622, states that puraké was only used in the Captaincy of São Vicente, current São Paulo state. The inherited term in Northern Brazil's Nheengatu, however, shows that the word was known in a wider area.[5]
Descendants

Etymology 3

Adjective

puraké (noun form puraké)

  1. deceptive
    Coordinate term: nhe'engyrygûan
    • 1622, anonymous author, “Refalçado ser nas palauras”, in Vocabulario na lingoa Braſilica, volume 2 (overall work in Old Tupi and Portuguese), Piratininga, page 99; republished as Carlos Drummond, editor, Vocabulário na Língua Brasílica, 2nd edition, São Paulo: USP, 1953:
      Xenheengpuraquê.
      [Xe nhe'ẽpuraké.]
      My deceptive words.
Declension
    Declension of puraké (oral vowel ending) (See Appendix:Old Tupi adjectives)
Note: not all forms are attested, most of the table is reconstructed based on known patterns.
Causative momuraké
Deadjectivals
-ba'e i purakeba'e
-sab(a) purakeaba／purakesaba
Singular Singular & Plural Plural
1st person 2nd person 3rd person 1st person exclusive 1st person inclusive 2nd person
Adjectival forms
Active
Indicative xe puraké nde puraké i puraké oré puraké îandé puraké pe puraké
Imperative
Permissive ta xe puraké ta nde puraké t'i puraké t'oré puraké t'îandé puraké ta pe puraké
Negative indicative na xe purakéî na nde purakéî n'i purakéî n'oré purakéî n'îandé purakéî na pe purakéî
Negative imperative nde puraké umẽ pe puraké umẽ
Negative permissive ta xe puraké umẽ ta nde puraké umẽ t'i puraké umẽ t'oré puraké umẽ t'îandé puraké umẽ ta pe puraké umẽ
Gerund
Affirmative xe purakéramo nde purakéramo o purakéramo oré purakéramo îandé purakéramo pe purakéramo
Negative xe purakee'ymamo nde purakee'ymamo o purakee'ymamo oré purakee'ymamo îandé purakee'ymamo pe purakee'ymamo
Nominal forms
Infinitive
Affirmative puraké
Negative purakee'yma
Circumstantial
Affirmative same as gerund1
xe purakéû2 i purakéû2 oré purakéû2 îandé purakéû2
Negative same as gerund1
xe purakee'ymi2 i purakee'ymi2 oré purakee'ymi2 îandé purakee'ymi2
1South Tupi
2North Tupi

References

  1. ^ Christovão de Lisboa (c. 1631) Historia dos animaes e arvores do Maranhão [History of Maranhão's animals and trees]‎ (overall work in Portuguese), Lisbon, page 172v: “poraque [poraké]”
  2. ^ Fernão Cardim (p. 1583) “A Treatiſe of Braſil, written by a Portugall which had long lived there”, in Samuel Purchas, transl., Francis Cooke, compiler, Pvrchas his Pilgrimes, part IV, book VII, chapter I § VI (overall work in English), London: H. Fetherston, published 1625, page 1314: “Puraque [Puraké]”
  3. ^ Georg Marcgrave, Willem Piso (1648) Historia Naturalis Brasiliae [Brazilian Natural History], Rerum Naturalium Historiae, book IV, chapter VI (overall work in Latin), Amsterdam: Elzevir, page 151: “Puraqve [Puraké]”
  4. ^ anonymous author (1622) “Cotouelo”, in Vocabulario na lingoa Braſilica (overall work in Portuguese), Piratininga; republished as Carlos Drummond, editor, Vocabulário na Língua Brasílica, 2nd edition, volume 1, São Paulo: USP, 1953, page 84: “Puraquê [Puraké]”
  5. ^ Marcel Twardowsky Avila (2021) “puraké²”, in Proposta de dicionário nheengatu-português [Nheengatu–Portuguese dictionary proposal] (in Portuguese), São Paulo: USP, →DOI, page 638
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