rjúfa

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Icelandic

Etymology

From Old Norse rjúfa, from Proto-Germanic *reufaną.

Pronunciation

Verb

rjúfa (strong verb, third-person singular past indicative rauf, third-person plural past indicative rufu, supine rofið)

  1. (transitive) to break, interrupt (e.g. a connection, agreement, etc.)
    hann rauf samkomulagið við okkurhe broke the agreement with us

Conjugation

rjúfa – active voice (germynd)
infinitive nafnháttur rjúfa
supine sagnbót rofið
present participle
rjúfandi
indicative
subjunctive
present
past
present
past
singular ég rýf rauf rjúfi ryfi
þú rýfur raufst rjúfir ryfir
hann, hún, það rýfur rauf rjúfi ryfi
plural við rjúfum rufum rjúfum ryfum
þið rjúfið rufuð rjúfið ryfuð
þeir, þær, þau rjúfa rufu rjúfi ryfu
imperative boðháttur
singular þú rjúf (þú), rjúfðu
plural þið rjúfið (þið), rjúfiði1
1 Spoken form, usually not written; in writing, the unappended plural form (optionally followed by the full pronoun) is preferred.
rofinn — past participle (lýsingarháttur þátíðar)
strong declension
(sterk beyging)
singular (eintala) plural (fleirtala)
masculine
(karlkyn)
feminine
(kvenkyn)
neuter
(hvorugkyn)
masculine
(karlkyn)
feminine
(kvenkyn)
neuter
(hvorugkyn)
nominative
(nefnifall)
rofinn rofin rofið rofnir rofnar rofin
accusative
(þolfall)
rofinn rofna rofið rofna rofnar rofin
dative
(þágufall)
rofnum rofinni rofnu rofnum rofnum rofnum
genitive
(eignarfall)
rofins rofinnar rofins rofinna rofinna rofinna
weak declension
(veik beyging)
singular (eintala) plural (fleirtala)
masculine
(karlkyn)
feminine
(kvenkyn)
neuter
(hvorugkyn)
masculine
(karlkyn)
feminine
(kvenkyn)
neuter
(hvorugkyn)
nominative
(nefnifall)
rofni rofna rofna rofnu rofnu rofnu
accusative
(þolfall)
rofna rofnu rofna rofnu rofnu rofnu
dative
(þágufall)
rofna rofnu rofna rofnu rofnu rofnu
genitive
(eignarfall)
rofna rofnu rofna rofnu rofnu rofnu

References

Old Norse

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *reufaną. Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *Hrewp- (to break).

Verb

rjúfa (singular past indicative rauf, plural past indicative rufu, past participle rofinn)

  1. (transitive) to break a hole in, break
    rjúfa undir
    to make wounds
  2. (figuratively) to break, violate (e.g. a law)
  3. (impersonal) to clear away
    Synonym: hrjóða
    rýfr þokuna
    the fog clears away

Conjugation

Conjugation of rjúfa — active (strong class 2)
infinitive rjúfa
present participle rjúfandi
past participle rofinn
indicative subjunctive
present past present past
1st person singular rýf rauf rjúfa ryfa
2nd person singular rýfr rauft rjúfir ryfir
3rd person singular rýfr rauf rjúfi ryfi
1st person plural rjúfum rufum rjúfim ryfim
2nd person plural rjúfið rufuð rjúfið ryfið
3rd person plural rjúfa rufu rjúfi ryfi
imperative present
2nd person singular rjúf
1st person plural rjúfum
2nd person plural rjúfið
Conjugation of rjúfa — mediopassive (strong class 2)
infinitive rjúfask
present participle rjúfandisk
past participle rofizk
indicative subjunctive
present past present past
1st person singular rjúfumk rufumk rjúfumk ryfumk
2nd person singular rýfsk raufzk rjúfisk ryfisk
3rd person singular rýfsk raufsk rjúfisk ryfisk
1st person plural rjúfumsk rufumsk rjúfimsk ryfimsk
2nd person plural rjúfizk rufuzk rjúfizk ryfizk
3rd person plural rjúfask rufusk rjúfisk ryfisk
imperative present
2nd person singular rjúfsk
1st person plural rjúfumsk
2nd person plural rjúfizk

Descendants

  • Icelandic: rjúfa
  • Faroese: rjúva
  • >? Norwegian Bokmål: rubbe
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: rjuva
  • Old Swedish: rȳva, riuva, riūva

Further reading

  • Zoëga, Geir T. (1910) “rjúfa”, in A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press; also available at the Internet Archive