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From Middle High Germanaschem, from Old High Germanasco, probably derived from asca(“ash, ashes”), whence modern German Asche, due to the fish's grey colour. The umlaut is sometimes explained as stemming from a plural, but the Middle High German noun had weak declension and thus no umlaut. Therefore more probably from the secondary umlaut triggered by following -sch-, which occurs throughout western dialects of High German. Standardised here to avoid the homophony with Asche above, as also in the unrelated Esche.
