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Ancient Greek
Etymology
A Northwest Semitic goddess name from the root כ־ב־ר / ك ب ر (k-b-r) which is attested as Arabic الْكُبْرَى (al-kubrā, literally “the great”) in a variant reading of Sura 62, Aya 9, where جُمْعَة (jumʕa, “Friday”) has a more archaic version عَرُوبَة (ʕarūba, “Friday”), and الْعَرُوبَةِ الْكُبْرَى (al-ʕarūbati l-kubrā).[1][n 1]
The association of the island with the goddess resounds mythologically in king Cinyras being the founder of Paphos and its fane of Aphrodite. Her very first temple was according to Herodotus I, 105 erected in Asqalon by the Semitic Phoenicians. The very locality is known to be related to the goddess Δερκετώ (Derketṓ), identical to Ugaritic 𐎄𐎗𐎋𐎚 f (drkt, “rule, power”) – recalling the idea of greatness, Arabic الْكُبْرَى (al-kubrā).
The island taking its relevance from being the major source of copper during the Near East’s Bronze Age, the name of a local cult became associated—in no discernible order!—with the metal and with the island itself. It spread, notably to Sumerian 𒌓𒅗𒁇 (ud-ka-bar /zabar, kabar/, “bronze, copper”), Eblaite 𒂵𒁀𒈝 (ga-ba-lum /kabalum/, “copper”), Hurrian (kabali, kābli, “copper”), and Latin aes Cyprium (“Cypriot copper”), later cuprum.
Hence copper is connected by alchemists and astrologers through one symbol ♀ to the planet Venus, the interpretatio romana of Aphrodite, of repute as a Cyprian goddess, Cypria, Cypris.
Before that, a time is known where ancient Cyprus did not have the present name, in view of its division into kingdoms which usually served for more specific names; the name for the whole island is just barely known in Phoenician as 𐤀𐤋𐤔𐤉 (ʾlšy /ʾalašiya/) and Ugaritic 𐎀𐎍𐎘𐎊 (ảlṯy /ʔalaṯiya/). Nonetheless Mycenaean Greek attests the adjective 𐀓𐀠𐀪𐀍 (ku-pi-ri-jo, “Cypriot”).
To be kept apart from the word for the Mediterranean cypress (Cupressus sempervirens) κυπάρισσος and the word for the plant henna (Lawsonia alba) κύπρος (kúpros) though it also colour in red (as copper does).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ký.pros/ → /ˈcy.pros/ → /ˈci.pros/
Proper noun
Κῠ́προς • (Kúpros) f (genitive Κῠ́πρου); second declension
- Cyprus (an island in the Mediterranean Sea)
Inflection
Derived terms
Descendants
Notes
- ^ The weekday names in Arab antiquity, like in European languages, come from theonyms, which were used in greater variety to express similar ideas and idioms of different tribes, before suffering unification by monotheism. In polytheist times there was a main or preferred female deity in each tribe. The same idea, with subtle distinction, could be termed Arabic الْكُبْرَى (al-kubrā, literally “the great”) as well as in Mecca الْعُزَّى (al-ʕuzzā, literally “the most powerful”), rendered Ancient Greek Ναζαία (Nazaía), عَرُوبَة (ʕarūba, literally “the one who enables love”), and اللَات (al-lāt), now provided but by اللّٰه (allāh). Either occurred in the takbir and basmala:[2] beside the present male given name عَبْد اللّٰه (ʕabd allāh, literally “slave of god”) we also had عَبْد الْعزّى, عَبْد الشَّمْس (ʕabd aš-šams, “slave of the Sun”), عَبْد الْمَسِيح (ʕabd al-masīḥ, “slave of the Messiah”), عَبْد اللَّات (ʕabd al-lāt, “slave of Allat”), and just as one now says بِسْمِ ٱللّٰه (bismi llāh), there are variants of this invocation like بِسْمِكَ ٱللّٰهُمَّ (bismika llāhumma), and we should imagine that ancient Arabs shouted اللَّاتُ كُبْرَى (al-lātu kubrā) instead of اللّٰهُ أَكْبَر (allāhu ʔakbar) as a set phrase, functionally equivalent.
To return to the interpretation of Greek history and historiography, in the Greek pantheon any such Oriental female god equates to Aphrodite (interpretatio graeca).
References
- ^ Rotter, Gernot (1993) “Der dies veneris im vorislamischen Mekka, eine neue Deutung des Namens „Europa“ und eine Erklärung für kobar = Venus”, in Der Islam (in German), volume 70, number 1, →DOI, pages 122–129
- ^ Alhatlani, Abdullah Saad, Al‐Otibi, Ajab Mohammad (2023) “A Palaeo‐Arabic inscription from the Ḥismā Desert (Tabūk region)”, in Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy, volume 34, number 1, →DOI, pages 183–193
Further reading
- Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “Κύπρος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 805, according to whom possibly from a Pre-Greek language
- “Κύπρος”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “Κύπρος”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
- “Κύπρος”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
- “Κύπρος”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
- G2954 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
- Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
- Bauer, Walter et al. (2001) A Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Third edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
- Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited, page 1,007
- “Στέφ. Βυζ. Ἐθν. σ.λ. Κύπρος (Κωνστ. Πορφ. Περὶ θεμ. 1.13)”, in Ψηφιακή Αρχαία Κυπριακή Γραμματεία, 2017 December 6 (last accessed), archived from the original on 5 October 2017, ancient etymologies about the origin of the island's name by Stephanus of Byzantium in his work Ἐθνικά
Greek
Etymology
Inherited from Ancient Greek Κύπρος (Kúpros), already with connections to Sumerian 𒌓𒅗𒁇 (ud-ka-bar /zabar, kabar/, “bronze, copper”) for the island's copper mines at the time (see Latin Cyprius) and an Mycenaean Greek adjective 𐀓𐀠𐀪𐀍 (ku-pi-ri-jo, “Cypriot”).[1] For more, see the etymology of ancient Κύπρος (Kúpros).
Pronunciation
Proper noun
Κύπρος • (Kýpros) f
- Cyprus
Declension
- αρκαδοκυπριακός (arkadokypriakós, “Arcadocypriot”)
- ελληνοκυπριακός (ellinokypriakós, adjective)
- Ελληνοκύπριος m (Ellinokýprios, “Greek Cypriot”), Ελληνοκύπρια f (Ellinokýpria) / Ελληνοκυπρία f (Ellinokypría)
- κυπρί n (kyprí)
- κυπρίνος m (kyprínos)
- Κύπριος m (Kýprios, “Cypriot”), Κύπρια f (Kýpria) / Κυπρία f (Kypría, formal)
- κυπριακά n pl (kypriaká, “Cypriot dialect”),
- κυπριακός (kypriakós, “Cypriot”, adjective)
- Κυπριώτης m (Kypriótis, “Cypriot”), Κυπριώτισσα f (Kypriótissa)
- κυπριώτικα n pl (kypriótika, “Cypriot dialect”)
- τουρκοκυπριακός (tourkokypriakós, adjective)
- Τουρκοκύπριος m (Tourkokýprios, “Turkish Cypriot”), Τουρκοκύπρια f (Tourkokýpria) / Τουρκοκυπρία f (Tourkokypría)
In the Cypriot dialect, alsto in Standard Modern Greek:
References
- ^ Κύπρος - Babiniotis, Georgios (2010) Ετυμολογικό λεξικό της νέας ελληνικής γλώσσας Etymologikó lexikó tis néas ellinikís glóssas [Etymological Dictionary of Modern Greek language] (in Greek), Athens: Lexicology Centre
Further reading