κέρας
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Ancient Greek
Etymology
From Proto-Hellenic *kérats, probably remodeled from an earlier s-stem *kéras (like κᾰ́ρᾱ (kắrā), κᾰ́ρηνον (kắrēnon), κρᾱνίον (krāníon)), as preserved in e.g. κερασ-φόρος (keras-phóros, “with a horn”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱerh₂- (“head, top; front of the skull; horn”);[1] see there for more. An older etymology supposes Proto-Indo-European *ḱer-n̥t-.
Pronunciation
- (5th BCE Attic) IPA(key): /ké.ras/
- (1st CE Egyptian) IPA(key): /ˈke.ras/
- (4th CE Koine) IPA(key): /ˈce.ras/
- (10th CE Byzantine) IPA(key): /ˈce.ras/
- (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA(key): /ˈce.ras/
Noun
κέρας • (kéras) n (genitive κέρᾱτος or κέρᾰος or κέρως); third declension
- horn (of an animal)
- horn as a material, or anything made of horn, such as a bow.
- (music) horn (musical instrument)
- arm or branch of a river
- the side branch (either left or right) of a military array for battle.
- (metonymically, horn of a powerful animal as a tool) horn used in biblical interpretation as representing a person as focus of a group for power.
Inflection
κέρᾰς (kérăs) was sometimes declined using the stem κέρᾰτ- (kérăt-) and sometimes the stem κέρᾰ- (kéră-). Both are shown below.
| Case / # | Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | τὸ κέρᾰς tò kérăs |
τὼ κέρᾰτε tṑ kérăte |
τᾰ̀ κέρᾰτᾰ tằ kérătă | ||||||||||
| Genitive | τοῦ κέρᾰτος toû kérătos |
τοῖν κερᾰ́τοιν toîn kerắtoin |
τῶν κερᾰ́των tôn kerắtōn | ||||||||||
| Dative | τῷ κέρᾰτῐ tôi kérătĭ |
τοῖν κερᾰ́τοιν toîn kerắtoin |
τοῖς κέρᾰσῐ / κέρᾰσῐν toîs kérăsĭ(n) | ||||||||||
| Accusative | τὸ κέρᾰς tò kérăs |
τὼ κέρᾰτε tṑ kérăte |
τᾰ̀ κέρᾰτᾰ tằ kérătă | ||||||||||
| Vocative | κέρᾰς kérăs |
κέρᾰτε kérăte |
κέρᾰτᾰ kérătă | ||||||||||
| Notes: |
| ||||||||||||
| Case / # | Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | τὸ κέρᾰς tò kérăs |
τὼ κέρᾱ tṑ kérā |
τᾰ̀ κέρᾱ tằ kérā | ||||||||||
| Genitive | τοῦ κέρως toû kérōs |
τοῖν κεροῖν toîn keroîn |
τῶν κερῶν tôn kerôn | ||||||||||
| Dative | τῷ κέραι / κέρᾳ tôi kérai / kérāi |
τοῖν κεροῖν toîn keroîn |
τοῖς κέρᾰσῐ / κέρᾰσῐν toîs kérăsĭ(n) | ||||||||||
| Accusative | τὸ κέρᾰς tò kérăs |
τὼ κέρᾱ tṑ kérā |
τᾰ̀ κέρᾱ tằ kérā | ||||||||||
| Vocative | κέρᾰς kérăs |
κέρᾱ kérā |
κέρᾱ kérā | ||||||||||
| Notes: |
| ||||||||||||
Derived terms
References
- ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “κέρας”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 676–677
Further reading
- “κέρας”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “κέρας”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
- “κέρας”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
- κέρας in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
- Bauer, Walter et al. (2001) A Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Third edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
- κέρας in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
- “κέρας”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
- G2768 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
- κέρας in Trapp, Erich, et al. (1994–2007) Lexikon zur byzantinischen Gräzität besonders des 9.-12. Jahrhunderts [the Lexicon of Byzantine Hellenism, Particularly the 9th–12th Centuries], Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
- Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
Greek
Etymology
From Ancient Greek κέρας (kéras).
Pronunciation
Noun
κέρας • (kéras) n (plural κέρατα)
Declension
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | κέρας (kéras) | κέρατα (kérata) |
| genitive | κέρατος (kératos) | κεράτων (keráton) |
| accusative | κέρας (kéras) | κέρατα (kérata) |
| vocative | κέρας (kéras) | κέρατα (kérata) |
Related terms
- κέρατο n (kérato, “horn”)
- κερατίνη f (keratíni, “keratin”)
- κερατάς m (keratás, “cuckold”)
- κέρας της Αμάλθειας n (kéras tis Amáltheias, “cornucopia, horn of plenty”)
Further reading
κέρας on the Greek Wikipedia.Wikipedia el
