σύ

See also: 'σύ

Ancient Greek

second person pronoun ^(edit)
case	singular		dual	plural
case	str.	encl.	str.	str.
nominative	σύ		σφώ, σφῶϊ	ῡ̔μεῖς
genitive	σοῦ	σου	σφῷν	ῡ̔μῶν
dative	σοί	σοι	σφῷν	ῡ̔μῖν
accusative	σέ	σε	σφώ, σφῶϊ	ῡ̔μᾶς

adjective	σός		σφωΐτερος	ῡ̔μέτερος

Alternative forms

τύνη (túnē) — Doric, Epic
τύ (tú) — Doric
τού (toú), τούν (toún) — Boeotian

Etymology

From Proto-Hellenic *tú, from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂. Cognates include Sanskrit त्वम् (tvam), Latin tū, Persian (to) and Old English þū (English thou). The initial /s/ was spread to the nominative from oblique forms such as accusative σέ (sé) < *twé, where /s/ is the regular development of Proto-Indo-European *tw-.

Pronunciation

(5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /sý/
(1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /sy/
(4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /sy/
(10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /sy/
(15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /si/

Pronoun

σῠ́ • (sú)

second person singular personal pronoun: thou, you

Inflection

Irregular declension of σῠ́; σοῦ (Attic)

Case / #	Singular
Nominative	σῠ́ sú
Genitive	σοῦ / σου† soû / sou†
Dative	σοί / σοι† soí / soi†
Accusative	σέ / σε† sé / se†
Vocative	τᾶν tân
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension. ^†enclitic

Irregular declension of σῠ́; σεῖο (Epic)

Case / #	Singular
Nominative	σῠ́ / τῡ́νη sú / tū́nē
Genitive	σεῖο / σέο / σεο† / σεῦ / σευ† / σέθεν seîo / séo / seo† / seû / seu† / séthen
Dative	σοί / τοι† / τεῐ̈́ν soí / toi† / teḯn
Accusative	σέ / σε† sé / se†
Vocative	—
Notes:	Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms may be based on conjecture. Use with caution. ^†enclitic

Irregular declension of σῠ́; σέο (Ionic)

Case / #	Singular
Nominative	σῠ́ sú
Genitive	σέο / σεῦ / σευ† séo / seû / seu†
Dative	σοί / τοι† soí / toi†
Accusative	σέ / σε† sé / se†
Vocative	—
Notes:	Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms may be based on conjecture. Use with caution. ^†enclitic

Irregular declension of τῠ́; τέος (Doric)

Case / #	Singular
Nominative	τῠ́ / τῡ́νη tú / tū́nē
Genitive	τέος / τεοῦς / τιοῦς / τεῦς / τέο / τεῦ / τεοῦ / τεοῖο / τοι† / τεος† / τίω / τίως / τίος / τώς téos / teoûs / tioûs / teûs / téo / teû / teoû / teoîo / toi† / teos† / tíō / tíōs / tíos / tṓs
Dative	τῐ́ν / τῑ́νη tín / tī́nē
Accusative	τέ / τῐ́ν / τῠ́ / τῠ† té / tín / tú / tu†
Vocative	—
Notes:	Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms may be based on conjecture. Use with caution. ^†enclitic

Irregular declension of σῠ́; σέθεν (Aeolic)

Case / #	Singular
Nominative	σῠ́ sú
Genitive	σέθεν séthen
Dative	σοί / τοι† soí / toi†
Accusative	σέ / σε† sé / se†
Vocative	—
Notes:	Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms may be based on conjecture. Use with caution. ^†enclitic

Irregular declension of τού; τεῦς (Boeotian)

Case / #	Singular
Nominative	τού / τούν toú / toún
Genitive	τεῦς teûs
Dative	σοί / τοι† soí / toi†
Accusative	σέ / σε† sé / se†
Vocative	—
Notes:	Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms may be based on conjecture. Use with caution. ^†enclitic

Derived terms

τοι (toi)

Related terms

σός (sós, “second person singular possessive adjective”)

Descendants

Byzantine Greek: ἐσύ (esú)
- Greek: εσύ (esý)
- Mariupol Greek: сы (sy), эсы́ (esý)
- Pontic Greek: εσύ (esý)
Tsakonian: εκιού (ekioú)

References

“σύ”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
σύ in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
σύ in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
G4771 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
- you idem, page 997.
Smyth, Herbert Weir (1920) “Part II: Inflection”, in A Greek grammar for colleges, Cambridge: American Book Company, § 325
William W. Goodwin, A Greek Grammar. Revised and enlarged, Boston, 1900, p.82f.
Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

σύ

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