φάρυγξ
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Ancient Greek
Alternative forms
- φᾰ́ρῠξ (phárux)
Etymology
According to Frisk an inherited Indo-European word for “throat, gorge”, cognate to Latin frūmen and Old Armenian երբուծ (erbuc), both from Proto-Indo-European *bʰruHg- (“to use, enjoy”), but phonetically this is somewhat problematic as the Greek form requires laryngeal metathesis to *bʰr̥Hug-, turning the root disyllabic, for unknown reasons. Alternatively, it could be related to φᾰ́ρᾰγξ (pháranx, “ravine, cleft, chasm, gully, abyss”) or φᾶρος (phâros, “cloth, cloak”), also of disputed origin.
Beekes pointed out that the prenasalized suffix -ῠγγ- (or -ῠγ-) argues for a Pre-Greek origin. Compare λᾰ́ρῠγξ (lárunx).
Pronunciation
- (5th BCE Attic) IPA(key): /pʰá.ryŋks/
- (1st CE Egyptian) IPA(key): /ˈpʰa.ryŋks/
- (4th CE Koine) IPA(key): /ˈɸa.ryŋks/
- (10th CE Byzantine) IPA(key): /ˈfa.ryŋks/
- (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA(key): /ˈfa.riŋks/
Noun
φᾰ́ρῠγξ • (phárunx) f or m (genitive φᾰ́ρῠγος or φᾰ́ρῠγγος); third declension
- throat, windpipe, esophagus, pharynx
- (zootomy) dewlap of a bull
- (in the plural, pathology) diseases of the throat
Usage notes
- Primarily feminine, rarely masculine.
Inflection
| Case / # | Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | ὁ, ἡ φᾰ́ρῠγξ ho, hē phárunx |
τὼ φᾰ́ρῠγε tṑ pháruge |
οἱ, αἱ φᾰ́ρῠγες hoi, hai pháruges | ||||||||||
| Genitive | τοῦ, τῆς φᾰ́ρῠγος toû, tês phárugos |
τοῖν φᾰρῠ́γοιν toîn pharúgoin |
τῶν φᾰρῠ́γων tôn pharúgōn | ||||||||||
| Dative | τῷ, τῇ φᾰ́ρῠγῐ tôi, têi phárugi |
τοῖν φᾰρῠ́γοιν toîn pharúgoin |
τοῖς, ταῖς φᾰ́ρῠξῐ / φᾰ́ρῠξῐν toîs, taîs pháruxi(n) | ||||||||||
| Accusative | τὸν, τὴν φᾰ́ρῠγᾰ tòn, tḕn pháruga |
τὼ φᾰ́ρῠγε tṑ pháruge |
τοὺς, τᾱ̀ς φᾰ́ρῠγᾰς toùs, tā̀s phárugas | ||||||||||
| Vocative | φᾰ́ρῠγξ phárunx |
φᾰ́ρῠγε pháruge |
φᾰ́ρῠγες pháruges | ||||||||||
| Notes: |
| ||||||||||||
| Case / # | Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | ὁ, ἡ φᾰ́ρῠγξ ho, hē phárunx |
τὼ φᾰ́ρῠγγε tṑ phárunge |
οἱ, αἱ φᾰ́ρῠγγες hoi, hai phárunges | ||||||||||
| Genitive | τοῦ, τῆς φᾰ́ρῠγγος toû, tês phárungos |
τοῖν φᾰρῠ́γγοιν toîn pharúngoin |
τῶν φᾰρῠ́γγων tôn pharúngōn | ||||||||||
| Dative | τῷ, τῇ φᾰ́ρῠγγῐ tôi, têi phárungi |
τοῖν φᾰρῠ́γγοιν toîn pharúngoin |
τοῖς, ταῖς φᾰ́ρῠγξῐ / φᾰ́ρῠγξῐν toîs, taîs phárunxi(n) | ||||||||||
| Accusative | τὸν, τὴν φᾰ́ρῠγγᾰ tòn, tḕn phárunga |
τὼ φᾰ́ρῠγγε tṑ phárunge |
τοὺς, τᾱ̀ς φᾰ́ρῠγγᾰς toùs, tā̀s phárungas | ||||||||||
| Vocative | φᾰ́ρῠγξ phárunx |
φᾰ́ρῠγγε phárunge |
φᾰ́ρῠγγες phárunges | ||||||||||
| Notes: |
| ||||||||||||
Descendants
See also
- λᾰ́ρῠγξ (lárunx)
References
- “φάρυγξ”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
Further reading
- “φάρυγξ”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
- “φάρυγξ”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
- Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
- φάρυγξ in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
- Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
- Frisk, Hjalmar (1970) “φάρυγξ”, in Griechisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, page 995
- Lidén, Evald (1937) “Wortgeschichtliches”, in L. Hjelmslev, C. Höeg, Ch. Møller, Ad. Stender-Petersen, editors, Mélanges linguistiques offerts à M. Holger Pedersen à l’occasion de son soixante-dixième anniversaire, 7 avril 1937 (Acta Jutlandica: Aarsskrift for Aarhus Universitet; IX1) (in German), København: Levin & Munksgaard, page 92