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Ket

Alternative forms

  • кал (kàl) (depalatized, rare variant)

Etymology

From earlier kal, from Proto-Yeniseian *kaɬ-Vŋʷ (“war”), ultimately derived from Proto-Yeniseian *-kaɬ (“to war, to fight”). Cognate with Yug каʼар (kaˤːr), Kott hali, Arin kel (“army”) and Pumpokol karɨ.

Noun

каль (kàl, kàlʲ) n (rare plural кал (kàl))

  1. (politics, sociology) war, conflict; fight
    Каль ӄарьига дэʼӈ сьел долин. (Kellog dialect)
    Kàlʲ qarʲiɣa dɛˀŋ sʲēl dɔlin.
    People weren't well after the war.
    Ат кальйэсаӈ бәнь пӄоʼй. (Kellog dialect)
    Āt kalʲ-jɛsaŋ bə̄nʲ pqɔˀj.
    I don't want to go to the war.
    Ап хыʼпь даӷоягин кальга. (Sulomay dialect)
    Āp hɨˀpʲ daʁɔjaɣin kalʲga.
    My son was killed in the war.

Derived terms

Action nominal

каль (kàl, kàlʲ)

  1. (used with transitive and intransitive, inchoative, iterative) to fight, fighting; to make war, warring
    Калькеʼт ат датуӈ. (Kellog dialect)
    Kàl-kɛˀt āt datuŋ.
    I see a veteran.
    (literally, “I see a warred-man”)
    Аксьдиӈт бикдэʼӈ каляӈгоӷон? ("Песнь о моём брате", ПМБ:251)
    Aksʲdiŋt bīk-dɛˀŋ kalʲaŋgɔʁɔn? (kalʲ--a(ŋ)-gɔ-qɔn)
    Why did the foreigners started fighting?

Pronunciation

References

  1. ^ Werner, Heinrich (2005) “kal (Ad)”, in Die Jenissej-Sprachen des 18. Jahrhunderts, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, page 47
  2. ^ Georg, Stefan (2007) A Descriptive Grammar of Ket (Yenisei-Ostyak) Part 1: Introduction, Phonology, Morphology, Cromwell: Global Oriental, →ISBN, page 68
  • Fortescue, Michael, Vajda, Edward (2022) “PY *ɬ (Table 2.3:4.3)”, in Mid-Holocene Language Connections between Asia and North America (Brill's Studies in the Indigenous Languages of the Americas; 17)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 257
  • Kotorova, Elizaveta, Nefedov, Andrey (2015) “kàl (1, n. kàl; 2, anom)”, in Большой словарь кетского языка, Münich: LINCOM, →ISBN
  • Kotorova, Elizaveta, Nefedov, Andrey (2015) “kàl⁷-a⁴--bed~ked⁰”, in Большой словарь кетского языка, Münich: LINCOM, →ISBN, page 551
  • Werner, Heinrich (2002) “каль (с) (мн. нет)”, in Словарь кетско-русский и русско-кетский: Учебное пособие для учащихся начальной школы‎, 2 edition, Saint-Petersburg: Drofa, →ISBN, page 44
  • Vajda, Edward (2024) “*kaɬ-Vŋʷ (Table 18:27.1)”, in The Languages and Linguistics of Northern Asia: Language Families (The World of Linguistics ; 10.1)‎, volume 1, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →DOI, →ISBN, page 421
  • Werner, Heinrich (2002) “⁴kal'”, in Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der Jenissej-Sprachen, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, page 406
  • Werner, Heinrich (2005) “war (to make war), war”, in Die Jenissej-Sprachen des 18. Jahrhunderts, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, page 332
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