Hello, you have come here looking for the meaning of the word
研. In DICTIOUS you will not only get to know all the dictionary meanings for the word
研, but we will also tell you about its etymology, its characteristics and you will know how to say
研 in singular and plural. Everything you need to know about the word
研 you have here. The definition of the word
研 will help you to be more precise and correct when speaking or writing your texts. Knowing the definition of
研, as well as those of other words, enriches your vocabulary and provides you with more and better linguistic resources.
Translingual
| Stroke order
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Han character
研 (Kangxi radical 112, 石+4, 9 strokes, cangjie input 一口一廿 (MRMT), four-corner 11640, composition ⿰石开)
Derived characters
See also
References
- Kangxi Dictionary: not present, would follow page 828, character 24
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 24080
- Dae Jaweon: page 1243, character 3
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2418, character 14
- Unihan data for U+7814
Chinese
Glyph origin
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Old Chinese
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| 笄
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*kŋeː
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| 枅
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*kŋeː
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| 蚈
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*kŋeː, *ŋ̊ʰeːn
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| 羿
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*ŋeːs
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| 栞
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*ŋ̊ʰaːn
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| 雃
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*ŋaːn, *ŋ̊ʰeːn
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| 詽
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*ŋreːn, *tŋ̊ʰeːn
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| 揅
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*ŋeːn
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| 幵
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*kŋeːn
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| 鳽
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*kŋeːn, *ŋeːn, *ŋ̊ʰreːŋ, *ŋreːɡ
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| 豣
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*kŋeːn, *ŋeːns
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| 麉
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*kŋeːn, *ŋ̊ʰeːn
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| 趼
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*kŋeːnʔ, *ŋeːn, *ŋeːns
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| 汧
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*ŋ̊ʰeːn, *ŋ̊ʰeːns
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| 岍
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*ŋ̊ʰeːn
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| 研
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*ŋɡeːn, *ŋeːns
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| 妍
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*ŋeːn
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| 訮
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*hŋeːn
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| 鈃
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*ɡeːŋ
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋɡeːn, *ŋeːns) : semantic 石 + phonetic 幵 (OC *kŋeːn).
Etymology 1
Pronunciation
Note:
- jin4 - literary;
- ngaan4 - vernacular (“to grind”).
Note:
- ngiēng - vernacular;
- ngiĕng - literary (used in 研究).
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Kaohsiung, Tainan, Sanxia, Yilan, Hsinchu, Taichung)
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Lukang)
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Magong)
- (Hokkien: Taipei, Kinmen)
Note:
- gián - literary;
- géng/nguí/gán/ngái - vernacular.
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: ngiêng2 / ngiang2 / ngiêng5 / ngiang5 / ngoin2
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ngiéng / ngiáng / ngiêng / ngiâng / ngóiⁿ
- Sinological IPA (key): /ŋieŋ⁵²/, /ŋiaŋ⁵²/, /ŋieŋ⁵⁵/, /ŋiaŋ⁵⁵/, /ŋõĩ⁵²/
Note:
- ngiêng2/ngiang2/ngiêng5/ngiang5 - literary (ngiêng2/ngiêng5 - Chaozhou);
- ngoin2 - vernacular.
| Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
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| Character
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研
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| Reading #
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1/1
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Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
|
yán
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Middle
Chinese
|
‹ ngen ›
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Old
Chinese
|
/*ˁe/
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| English
|
grind; examine
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Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:
* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. * as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;
* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
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| Zhengzhang system (2003)
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| Character
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研
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| Reading #
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1/2
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| No.
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6171
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Phonetic
component
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幵
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Rime
group
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元
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Rime
subdivision
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2
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Corresponding
MC rime
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姸
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Old
Chinese
|
/*ŋɡeːn/
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Definitions
研
- to grind; to rub; to sharpen
- to investigate; to study; to research
- Synonym: 究 (jiū)
- Short for 研究生 (yánjiūshēng, “postgraduate studies or student”).
Compounds
Etymology 2
For pronunciation and definitions of 研 – see 硯 (“inkstone”).
(This character is a variant form of 硯). |
Japanese
Kanji
研
(grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji, shinjitai kanji, kyūjitai form 硏)
- to polish
- Synonym: 磨
- study of ...
- to sharpen
- inkstone
- Synonym: 硯
- a surname
Readings
From Middle Chinese 研 (MC ngen); compare Mandarin 研 (yán):
From Middle Chinese 研 (MC ngenH); compare Mandarin 研 (yàn):
From native Japanese roots:
Compounds
Korean
Hanja
研 (eumhun 갈 연 (gal yeon))
- Alternative form of 硏 (“Hanja form? of 연 (“grinding”).”)
Vietnamese
Han character
研: Hán Việt readings: nghiên, nghiễn
研: Nôm readings: nghiên, nghiền, nghiện, tên
- chữ Hán form of nghiên (“to study, to research”).
- Nôm form of nghiền (“to grind”).
References
- Thiều Chửu : Hán Việt Tự Điển Hà Nội 1942
- Vũ Văn Kính: Đại Tự Điển Chữ Nôm, NXB Văn Nghệ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999
