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研 . In DICTIOUS you will not only get to know all the dictionary meanings for the word
研 , but we will also tell you about its etymology, its characteristics and you will know how to say
研 in singular and plural. Everything you need to know about the word
研 you have here. The definition of the word
研 will help you to be more precise and correct when speaking or writing your texts. Knowing the definition of
研 , as well as those of other words, enriches your vocabulary and provides you with more and better linguistic resources.
Translingual
Stroke order
Han character
研 (Kangxi radical 112, 石 +4, 9 strokes, cangjie input 一口一廿 (MRMT ), four-corner 11640 , composition ⿰石 开 )
Derived characters
See also
References
Kangxi Dictionary: not present , would follow page 828 , character 24
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 24080
Dae Jaweon: page 1243, character 3
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2418, character 14
Unihan data for U+7814
Chinese
Glyph origin
Old Chinese
笄
*kŋeː
枅
*kŋeː
蚈
*kŋeː, *ŋ̊ʰeːn
羿
*ŋeːs
栞
*ŋ̊ʰaːn
雃
*ŋaːn, *ŋ̊ʰeːn
詽
*ŋreːn, *tŋ̊ʰeːn
揅
*ŋeːn
幵
*kŋeːn
鳽
*kŋeːn, *ŋeːn, *ŋ̊ʰreːŋ, *ŋreːɡ
豣
*kŋeːn, *ŋeːns
麉
*kŋeːn, *ŋ̊ʰeːn
趼
*kŋeːnʔ, *ŋeːn, *ŋeːns
汧
*ŋ̊ʰeːn, *ŋ̊ʰeːns
岍
*ŋ̊ʰeːn
研
*ŋɡeːn, *ŋeːns
妍
*ŋeːn
訮
*hŋeːn
鈃
*ɡeːŋ
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声 , OC *ŋɡeːn, *ŋeːns ): semantic 石 + phonetic 幵 ( OC *kŋeːn ) .
Etymology 1
Pronunciation
Note :
jin4 - literary;
ngaan4 - vernacular (“to grind”).
Note :
ngiēng - vernacular;
ngiĕng - literary (used in 研究 ).
Southern Min
(Hokkien : Xiamen , Quanzhou , Zhangzhou , General Taiwanese )
(Hokkien : Xiamen , Kaohsiung , Tainan , Sanxia , Yilan , Hsinchu , Taichung )
(Hokkien : Quanzhou , Lukang )
(Hokkien : Zhangzhou , Magong )
(Hokkien : Taipei , Kinmen )
Note :
gián - literary;
géng/nguí/gán/ngái - vernacular.
(Teochew )
Peng'im : ngiêng2 / ngiang2 / ngiêng5 / ngiang5 / ngoin2
Pe̍h-ōe-jī -like : ngiéng / ngiáng / ngiêng / ngiâng / ngóiⁿ
Sinological IPA (key ) : /ŋieŋ⁵²/, /ŋiaŋ⁵²/, /ŋieŋ⁵⁵/, /ŋiaŋ⁵⁵/, /ŋõĩ⁵²/
Note :
ngiêng2/ngiang2/ngiêng5/ngiang5 - literary (ngiêng2/ngiêng5 - Chaozhou);
ngoin2 - vernacular.
Baxter –Sagart system 1.1 (2014 )
Character
研
Reading #
1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)
yán
Middle Chinese
‹ ngen ›
Old Chinese
/*ˁe/
English
grind; examine
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:
* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. * as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;
* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
研
Reading #
1/2
No.
6171
Phonetic component
幵
Rime group
元
Rime subdivision
2
Corresponding MC rime
姸
Old Chinese
/*ŋɡeːn/
Definitions
研
to grind ; to rub ; to sharpen
to investigate ; to study ; to research
Synonym: 究 ( jiū )
short for 研究生 (yánjiūshēng , “postgraduate studies or student ”)
Compounds
Etymology 2
For pronunciation and definitions of 研 – see 硯 (“inkstone ”). (This character is a variant form of 硯 ).
Japanese
Kanji
研
(Third grade kyōiku kanji , shinjitai kanji, kyūjitai form 硏 )
to polish
Synonym: 磨
study of ...
to sharpen
inkstone
Synonym: 硯
a surname
Readings
From Middle Chinese 研 (MC ngen ); compare Mandarin 研 ( yán ) :
From Middle Chinese 研 (MC ngenH ); compare Mandarin 研 ( yàn ) :
From native Japanese roots:
Compounds
Korean
Hanja
研 (eumhun 갈 연 ( gal yeon ) )
alternative form of 硏 ( “ hanja form? of 연 ( “ grinding ” ) ” )
Vietnamese
Han character
研 : Hán Việt readings: nghiên , nghiễn
研 : Nôm readings: nghiên , nghiền , nghiện , tên
chữ Hán form of nghiên ( “ to study , to research ” )
chữ Nôm form of nghiền ( “ to grind ” )
References
Thiều Chửu : Hán Việt Tự Điển Hà Nội 1942
Vũ Văn Kính: Đại Tự Điển Chữ Nôm, NXB Văn Nghệ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999