硬
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See also: 峺
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Translingual
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Han character
硬 (Kangxi radical 112, 石+7, 12 strokes, cangjie input 一口一中大 (MRMLK), four-corner 11646, composition ⿰石更)
References
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 831, character 5
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 24230
- Dae Jaweon: page 1247, character 3
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2432, character 6
- Unihan data for U+786C
Chinese
| simp. and trad. |
硬 | |
|---|---|---|
| alternative forms | 鞕 | |
Glyph origin
| Old Chinese | |
|---|---|
| 更 | *kraːŋ, *kraːŋs |
| 粳 | *kraːŋ |
| 埂 | *kraːŋ, *kraːŋʔ |
| 浭 | *kraːŋ |
| 稉 | *kraːŋ |
| 梗 | *kraːŋʔ |
| 哽 | *kraːŋʔ |
| 綆 | *kraːŋʔ |
| 鯁 | *kraːŋʔ |
| 挭 | *kraːŋʔ |
| 骾 | *kraːŋʔ |
| 郠 | *kraːŋʔ |
| 硬 | *ŋɡraːŋs, *ŋɡraːŋs |
| 鞕 | *ŋɡraːŋs |
| 丙 | *pqraŋʔ |
| 炳 | *praŋʔ |
| 邴 | *praŋʔ, *praŋs |
| 怲 | *praŋʔ, *praŋs |
| 苪 | *praŋʔ |
| 蛃 | *praŋʔ |
| 昺 | *praŋʔ |
| 昞 | *praŋʔ |
| 窉 | *praŋʔ |
| 柄 | *praŋʔ, *praŋs |
| 鈵 | *praŋs |
| 寎 | *praŋs |
| 病 | *braŋs |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ŋɡraːŋs, *ŋɡraːŋs): semantic 石 + phonetic 更 (OC *kraːŋ, *kraːŋs).
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): ngen4
- (Nanjing, Nanjing Pinyin): ēn
- (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): нин (nin, III)
- Cantonese
- Gan (Wiktionary): ngang5
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): ning3
- Northern Min (KCR): ngāing
- Eastern Min (BUC): ngâing
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 6ngan
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): ngen5
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: yìng
- Zhuyin: ㄧㄥˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: yìng
- Wade–Giles: ying4
- Yale: yìng
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yinq
- Palladius: ин (in)
- Sinological IPA (key): /iŋ⁵¹/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: ngen4
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: ngen
- Sinological IPA (key): /ŋən²¹³/
- (Nanjing)
- Nanjing Pinyin: ēn
- Nanjing Pinyin (numbered): en4
- Sinological IPA (key): /ə̃⁴⁴/
- (Dungan)
- Cyrillic and Wiktionary: нин (nin, III)
- Sinological IPA (key): /niŋ⁴⁴/
- (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: ngaang6 / ngaang6-2
- Yale: ngaahng / ngáang
- Cantonese Pinyin: ngaang6 / ngaang6-2
- Guangdong Romanization: ngang6 / ngang6-2
- Sinological IPA (key): /ŋaːŋ²²/, /ŋaːŋ²²⁻³⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
Note: ngaang6-2 - alternative pronunciation for "certainly".
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: ngang5
- Sinological IPA (key): /ᵑɡaŋ³²/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: ngang5
- Sinological IPA (key): /ŋaŋ¹¹/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngang
- Hakka Romanization System: ngang
- Hagfa Pinyim: ngang4
- Sinological IPA: /ŋaŋ⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: ning3
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /niŋ⁴⁵/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ngāing
- Sinological IPA (key): /ŋaiŋ⁵⁵/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: ngâing
- Sinological IPA (key): /ŋaiŋ²⁴²/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Taipei, Sanxia, Kinmen, Magong, Hsinchu)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ngī
- Tâi-lô: ngī
- Phofsit Daibuun: ngi
- IPA (Xiamen, Kinmen): /ŋĩ²²/
- IPA (Taipei): /ŋĩ³³/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Lukang, Philippines)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ngǐ
- Tâi-lô: ngǐ
- IPA (Lukang): /ŋĩ³³/
- IPA (Quanzhou): /ŋĩ²²/
- IPA (Philippines): /ŋi³³/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Penang, Singapore)
- (Hokkien: Kaohsiung, Tainan, Yilan, Taichung)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ngē
- Tâi-lô: ngē
- Phofsit Daibuun: nge
- IPA (Kaohsiung, Tainan, Yilan): /ŋẽ³³/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gēng
- Tâi-lô: gīng
- Phofsit Daibuun: geng
- IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /ɡiɪŋ³³/
- IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /ɡiɪŋ²²/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gěng
- Tâi-lô: gǐng
- IPA (Quanzhou): /ɡiɪŋ²²/
- (Hokkien: Singapore)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gīrn
- Tâi-lô: gīrn
- IPA (Singapore): /ɡən²²/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Taipei, Sanxia, Kinmen, Magong, Hsinchu)
Note:
- ngī/ngǐ/ngēe/ngē - vernacular (“hard; stiff; tough; obstinately; arduous”);
- gēng/gěng - literary.
Note:
- nge6 - vernacular;
- ngeng7 - literary.
- Dialectal data
- Middle Chinese: ngeangH
- Old Chinese
- (Zhengzhang): /*ŋɡraːŋs/
Definitions
硬
- hard (resistant to pressure)
- 硬木 ― yìngmù ― hardwood
- stiff; inflexible
- 僵硬 ― jiāngyìng ― stiff; rigid
- tough; strong; firm
- good (in terms of quality or ability); able (of a person)
- 牌子硬。 ― Páizǐ yìng. ― The trademark is good.
- obstinately; with difficulty; forcibly; resolutely
- (Cantonese, Teochew) certainly; definitely; of course
- (Hokkien) arduous; formidable; onerous
- (Huizhou) thick; viscous
- (slang) to become hard; to have an erection
- 2002 January 29, Q C Boy, “《QC仔手記之 去陽江食pizza》”, in hk.talk.sex (Usenet):
- 3粒鐘,坐到九都硬晒,都唔知九硬定急尿;總之硬足三粒鐘啦!
- saam1 lap1 zung1, co5 dou3 gau1 dou1 ngaang6 saai3, dou1 m4 zi1 gau1 ngaang6 ding6 gap1 niu6; zung2 zi1 ngaang6 zuk1 saam1 lap1 zung1 laa1!
- 3 hours, I sat until my dick was completely hard, that I didn't know if my dick was hard or I had to pee; anyhow, I was hard for three full hours!
3粒钟,坐到九都硬晒,都唔知九硬定急尿;总之硬足三粒钟啦!
Synonyms
- (hard):
- (thick):
Dialectal synonyms of 稠 (“thick; viscous”)
- (to have an erection):
Dialectal synonyms of 勃起 (“to have an erection”)
| Variety | Location | Words |
|---|---|---|
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 勃起 | |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 勃起 |
| Malaysia | 硬 | |
| Singapore | 硬 | |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 雄起 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 扯旗, 扯, 硬, 起機, 偷柴 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 起磅 |
| Pingtung (Wuluo, Ligang; S. Sixian) | 硬起來 | |
| Kaohsiung (Meinong; S. Sixian) | 硬 | |
| Kaohsiung (Shanlin; S. Sixian) | 𫞻起來 | |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 起陽兒 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 起雞 |
| Zhao'an | 翹 | |
| Kaohsiung | 起磅 | |
| Haifeng | 拍飛機 | |
| Puxian Min | Putian | 興陽 |
| Xianyou | 舉支 | |
Antonyms
Compounds
- 僵硬 (jiāngyìng)
- 冷硬
- 剛板硬正 / 刚板硬正
- 剛硬 / 刚硬
- 動脈硬化 / 动脉硬化 (dòngmài yìnghuà)
- 口硬
- 命硬
- 嘴硬 (zuǐyìng)
- 堅硬 / 坚硬 (jiānyìng)
- 強弓硬弩 / 强弓硬弩 (qiáng gōng yìng nǔ)
- 強硬 / 强硬 (qiángyìng)
- 強硬手段 / 强硬手段
- 心硬 (xīnyìng)
- 心高氣硬 / 心高气硬
- 怕硬欺軟 / 怕硬欺软
- 扶同硬證 / 扶同硬证
- 拉硬屎
- 拉硬弓
- 撐硬船兒 / 撑硬船儿
- 服硬
- 欺軟怕硬 / 欺软怕硬 (qīruǎnpàyìng)
- 死硬 (sǐyìng)
- 死硬派
- 生奪硬搶 / 生夺硬抢
- 生拉硬拽 (shēng lā yìng zhuài)
- 生搬硬套 (shēngbānyìngtào)
- 生硬 (shēngyìng)
- 瘦硬
- 直偷硬取
- 硬仗 (yìngzhàng)
- 硬來 / 硬来
- 硬化 (yìnghuà)
- 硬取
- 硬喫 / 硬吃
- 硬實 / 硬实
- 硬專家 / 硬专家
- 硬山
- 硬席 (yìngxí)
- 硬幣 / 硬币 (yìngbì)
- 硬幹 / 硬干
- 硬度 (yìngdù)
- 硬式棒球
- 硬式網球 / 硬式网球
- 硬弓
- 硬弩強弓 / 硬弩强弓
- 硬彩
- 硬性 (yìngxìng)
- 硬性規定 / 硬性规定
- 硬手
- 硬挺 (yìngtǐng)
- 硬掙 / 硬挣
- 硬撐 / 硬撑
- 硬撅撅
- 硬文學 / 硬文学
- 硬是 (yìngshì)
- 硬是要得
- 硬朗
- 硬木 (yìngmù)
- 硬札
- 硬棒
- 硬橡皮
- 硬殼 / 硬壳 (yìngké)
- 硬氣 / 硬气 (yìngqi)
- 硬水 (yìngshuǐ)
- 硬派 (yìngpài)
- 硬漢 / 硬汉 (yìnghàn)
- 硬煤
- 硬玉 (yìngyù)
- 硬玻璃
- 硬生生 (yìngshēngshēng)
- 硬病
- 硬皮馬勃 / 硬皮马勃 (yìngpí mǎbó)
- 硬石膏 (yìngshígāo)
- 硬碰硬 (yìngpèngyìng)
- 硬碟 (yìngdié)
- 硬科學 / 硬科学 (yìngkēxué)
- 硬結 / 硬结
- 硬繃繃 / 硬绷绷 (yìngbēngbēng)
- 硬肥皂
- 硬脂
- 硬脂酸 (yìngzhīsuān)
- 硬脾氣 / 硬脾气
- 硬腳 / 硬脚
- 硬腦膜 / 硬脑膜 (yìngnǎomó)
- 硬膏
- 硬著頭皮 / 硬着头皮 (yìngzhe tóupí)
- 硬裡子 / 硬里子
- 硬要 (yìngyào)
- 硬話 / 硬话
- 硬語盤空 / 硬语盘空
- 硬質合金 / 硬质合金
- 硬邦邦 (yìngbāngbāng)
- 硬鋼 / 硬钢
- 硬闖 / 硬闯
- 硬頁岩 / 硬页岩
- 硬領 / 硬领
- 硬頭硬腦 / 硬头硬脑
- 硬顎 / 硬颚 (yìng'è)
- 硬骨頭 / 硬骨头
- 硬骨魚 / 硬骨鱼
- 硬骨魚綱 / 硬骨鱼纲
- 硬體 / 硬体 (yìngtǐ)
- 硬麵 / 硬面
- 硬黃 / 硬黄
- 粗硬
- 翅膀硬 (chìbǎng yìng)
- 肝硬化症
- 腰板脖硬
- 腳硬 / 脚硬
- 腰裡硬 / 腰里硬
- 腰頭硬 / 腰头硬
- 臉硬 / 脸硬
- 血管硬化 (xuèguǎn yìnghuà)
- 軟硬不吃 / 软硬不吃
- 軟硬兼施 / 软硬兼施 (ruǎn-yìng jiānshī)
- 過硬 / 过硬 (guòyìng)
- 酒硬
- 骨頭硬 / 骨头硬
References
- “硬”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database), 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
Japanese
Kanji
硬
- Solid, hard, firm.
Readings
Compounds
- 硬化 (kōka)
- 硬貨 (kōka): coins
- 硬式 (kōshiki)
- 硬質 (kōshitsu)
- 硬水 (kōsui)
- 硬直 (kōchoku)
- 硬度 (kōdo)
- 硬度計 (kōdokei)
Korean
Etymology
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Middle Korean readings, if any”)
Pronunciation
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key):
- Phonetic hangul:
Hanja
硬 (eumhun 굳을 경 (gudeul gyeong))
Vietnamese
Han character
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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