苦海
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Chinese
bitter; intensely; miserable bitter; intensely; miserable; painful |
ocean; sea | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| trad. (苦海) | 苦 | 海 | |
| simp. #(苦海) | 苦 | 海 | |
Etymology
Calque of Sanskrit दुःख समुद्र (duḥkha samudra).
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): fu2 hoi2
- Hakka (Sixian, PFS): khú-hói
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 5khu-he
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄎㄨˇ ㄏㄞˇ
- Tongyong Pinyin: kǔhǎi
- Wade–Giles: kʻu3-hai3
- Yale: kǔ-hǎi
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kuuhae
- Palladius: кухай (kuxaj)
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʰu²¹⁴⁻³⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Jyutping: fu2 hoi2
- Yale: fú hói
- Cantonese Pinyin: fu2 hoi2
- Guangdong Romanization: fu2 hoi2
- Sinological IPA (key): /fuː³⁵ hɔːi̯³⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khú-hói
- Hakka Romanization System: kuˋ hoiˋ
- Hagfa Pinyim: ku3 hoi3
- Sinological IPA: /kʰu³¹ hoi̯³¹/
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Southern Min
- Wu
Noun
苦海
- (Buddhism or figurative) the sea of bitterness; the ocean of suffering; the abyss of misery; this (weary) world
Derived terms
Descendants
Further reading
- Ding, Fubao (丁福保) (1922),
“苦海” in 佛學大辭典 .
