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This page is intended to give an overview of the declension types in Estonian, and to help editors find the right nominal declension table template.
The numbering system is based on the 2018 edition of Õigekeelsussõnaraamat.
General notes
- ` denotes that the marked syllable is pronounced with an overlong length /ː/ (vòodi /ˈvoːdʲi/), as opposed to long /ˑ/. For example, the declension of riik should look like this:
|
Individual
|
Collective
|
Nominative
|
rìik
|
riigid
|
Genitive
|
riigi
|
rìikide
|
Partitive
|
rìiki
|
rìike, rìikisid
|
Illative
|
rìiki
|
rìikidesse
|
riigisse
|
Inessive
|
riigis
|
rìikides
|
Elative
|
riigist
|
rìikidest
|
Allative
|
riigile
|
rìikidele
|
Adessive
|
riigil
|
rìikidel
|
Ablative
|
riigilt
|
rìikidelt
|
Translative
|
riigiks
|
rìikideks
|
Terminative
|
riigini
|
rìikideni
|
Essive
|
riigina
|
rìikidena
|
Abessive
|
riigita
|
rìikideta
|
Comitative
|
riigiga
|
rìikidega
|
- Note: Columns in gray denotes weak grades, forms affected by consonant gradation; the remaining forms are denoting the strong grades.
- The table in the next syllable only shows principal parts (nominative individual, genitive individual and collective, partitive individual and collective, and illative individual and collective). Other predictable endings can be seen below:
|
Ending
|
Individual
|
Collective
|
Nominative (collective)
|
-d
|
-
|
Genitive individual
|
Long illative
|
-sse
|
Genitive individual
|
Genitive collective
|
Inessive
|
-s
|
Elative
|
-st
|
Allative
|
-le
|
Adessive
|
-l
|
Ablative
|
-lt
|
Translative
|
-ks
|
Terminative
|
-ni
|
Essive
|
-na
|
Abessive
|
-ta
|
Comitative
|
-ga
|
- Accusative cases are always the same as genitive individual and nominative collective, in the individual and collective forms, respectively.
ÕS 2018 numbering
Type
|
individual
|
collective
|
Wiktionary entries
|
nominative
|
genitive
|
partitive
|
illative
|
genitive
|
partitive
|
illative
|
short
|
long
|
short
|
long
|
short
|
long
|
long
|
short
|
1
|
|
ohutu
|
ohutu
|
ohutut
|
|
ohutusse
|
ohutute
|
|
ohutuid
|
ohututesse
|
ohutuisse
|
318
|
e
|
vèski
|
vèski
|
vèskit
|
|
vèskisse
|
vèskite
|
|
vèskeid
|
vèskitesse
|
vèskeisse
|
2
|
|
õpik
|
õpiku
|
õpikut
|
|
õpikusse
|
õpikute
|
|
õpikuid
|
õpikutesse
|
õpikuisse
|
887
|
e
|
minut
|
minuti
|
minutit
|
|
minutisse
|
minutite
|
|
minuteid
|
minutitesse
|
minuteisse
|
3
|
|
vaher
|
vàhtra
|
vàhtrat
|
|
vàhtrasse
|
vàhtrate
|
|
vàhtraid
|
vàhtratesse
|
vàhtraisse
|
15
|
e
|
tanner
|
tàndri
|
tàndrit
|
|
tàndrisse
|
tàndrite
|
|
tàndreid
|
tàndritesse
|
tàndreisse
|
4
|
ase
|
aseme
|
aset
|
|
asemesse
|
asemete
|
|
asemeid
|
asemetesse
|
asemeisse
|
13
|
5
|
|
liige
|
lìikme
|
liiget
|
|
lìikmesse
|
lìikmete
|
|
lìikmeid
|
lìikmetesse
|
lìikmeisse
|
30
|
e
|
kallis
|
kàlli
|
kallist
|
|
kàllisse
|
kàllite
|
|
kàlleid
|
kàllitesse
|
kàlleisse
|
6
|
mõte
|
mõ̀tte
|
mõtet
|
|
mõ̀ttesse
|
mõtete
|
|
mõ̀tteid
|
mõtetesse
|
mõ̀tteisse
|
99
|
7
|
|
kallas
|
kàlda
|
kallast
|
|
kàldasse
|
kallaste
|
|
kàldaid
|
kallastesse
|
kàldaisse
|
59
|
e
|
rukis
|
rùkki
|
rukist
|
|
rùkkisse
|
rukiste
|
|
rùkkeid
|
rukistesse
|
rùkkeisse
|
8
|
küünal
|
kȕünla
|
küünalt
|
|
kȕünlasse
|
küünalde
|
|
kȕünlaid
|
küünaldesse
|
kȕünlaisse
|
17
|
9
|
katus
|
katuse
|
katust
|
|
katusesse
|
katuste
|
|
katuseid
|
katustesse
|
katuseisse
|
155
|
10
|
soolane
|
soolase
|
soolast
|
|
soolasesse
|
soolaste
|
|
soolaseid
|
soolastesse
|
soolaseisse
|
113
|
11
|
harjutus
|
harjutuse
|
harjutust
|
harjutusse
|
harjutusesse
|
harjutuste
|
harjutusi
|
|
harjutustesse
|
(harjutusisse)
|
231
|
12
|
oluline
|
olulise
|
olulist
|
olulisse
|
olulisesse
|
oluliste
|
olulisi
|
|
olulistesse
|
(olulisisse)
|
197
|
13
|
sùur
|
suure
|
sùurt
|
sùurde
|
suuresse
|
suurte
|
sùuri
|
|
suurtesse
|
(suurisse)
|
62
|
14
|
ùus
|
uue
|
ùut
|
ùude
|
uuesse
|
uute
|
ùusi
|
|
uutesse
|
(uusisse)
|
20
|
15
|
käsi
|
kȁe
|
kȁtt
|
kȁtte
|
kȁesse
|
käte
|
käsi
|
|
kätesse
|
(käsisse)
|
10
|
16
|
pere
|
pere
|
peret
|
pèrre
|
peresse
|
perede
|
|
peresid
|
peredesse
|
|
151
|
17
|
|
elu
|
elu
|
elu
|
èllu
|
elusse
|
elude
|
|
elusid
|
eludesse
|
|
198
|
e
|
kivi
|
kivi
|
kivi
|
kìvvi
|
kivisse
|
kivide
|
kive
|
kivisid
|
kividesse
|
(kivesse)
|
12
|
i
|
pesa
|
pesa
|
pesa
|
pèssa
|
pesasse
|
pesade
|
pesi
|
pesasid
|
pesadesse
|
(pesisse)
|
13
|
u
|
saba
|
saba
|
saba
|
sàppa
|
sabasse
|
sabade
|
sabu
|
sabasid
|
sabadesse
|
(sabusse)
|
41
|
18
|
|
nägu
|
nȁo
|
nägu
|
nȁkku
|
nȁosse
|
nägude
|
|
nägusid
|
nägudesse
|
|
36
|
e
|
tuba
|
tòa
|
tuba
|
tùppa
|
tòasse
|
tubade
|
tube
|
tubasid
|
tubadesse
|
|
13
|
u
|
sõda
|
sõja
|
sõda
|
sõ̀tta
|
sõjasse
|
sõdade
|
sõdu
|
sõdasid
|
sõdadesse
|
(sõjusse)
|
18
|
19
|
seminar
|
seminari
|
seminari
|
seminari
|
seminarisse
|
seminaride
|
seminare
|
(seminarisid)
|
seminaridesse
|
(seminaresse)
|
121
|
20
|
süli
|
süle
|
süle
|
sȕlle
|
sülesse
|
sülede
|
|
sülesid
|
süledesse
|
|
10
|
21
|
jõgi
|
jõ̀e
|
jõge
|
jõ̀kke
|
jõ̀esse
|
jõgede
|
|
jõgesid
|
jõgedesse
|
|
18
|
22
|
|
põ̀u
|
põue
|
põ̀ue
|
põ̀ue
|
põuesse
|
põ̀uede
|
|
põ̀uesid
|
põ̀uedesse
|
|
5
|
e
|
rìik
|
riigi
|
rìiki
|
rìiki
|
riigisse
|
rìikide
|
rìike
|
rìikisid
|
rìikidesse
|
(riigesse)
|
968
|
i
|
kȕlm
|
külma
|
kȕlma
|
kȕlma
|
külmasse
|
kȕlmade
|
kȕlmi
|
kȕlmasid
|
kȕlmadesse
|
(külmisse)
|
225
|
u
|
lèib
|
leiva
|
lèiba
|
lèiba
|
leivasse
|
lèibade
|
lèibu
|
lèibasid
|
lèibadesse
|
(leivusse)
|
141
|
23
|
e
|
pòiss
|
poisi
|
pòissi
|
pòissi
|
poisisse
|
poiste
|
(pòisside)
|
pòisse
|
pòissisid
|
poistesse
|
(pòissidesse)
|
4
|
i
|
kòer
|
koera
|
kòera
|
kòera
|
koerasse
|
koerte
|
(kòerade)
|
kòeri
|
kòerasid
|
koertesse
|
(kòeradesse)
|
u
|
hèin
|
heina
|
hèina
|
hèina
|
heinasse
|
heinte
|
(hèinade)
|
hèinu
|
hèinasid
|
heintesse
|
(hèinadesse)
|
24
|
|
puri
|
purje
|
pùrje
|
pùrje
|
purjesse
|
pùrjede
|
|
pùrjesid
|
pùrjedesse
|
|
4
|
e
|
tühi
|
tühja
|
tȕhja
|
tȕhja
|
tühjasse
|
tȕhjade
|
tȕhje
|
tȕhjasid
|
tȕhjadesse
|
(tühjesse)
|
i
|
oder
|
odra
|
òtra
|
òtra
|
odrasse
|
òtrade
|
òtri
|
òtrasid
|
òtradesse
|
(odrisse)
|
u
|
padi
|
padja
|
pàtja
|
pàtja
|
padjasse
|
pàtjade
|
pàtju
|
pàtjasid
|
pàtjadesse
|
(padjusse)
|
25
|
õnnelìk
|
~liku
|
~lìkku
|
~lìkku
|
~likusse
|
~like
|
(~lìkkude)
|
~lìkke
|
(~lìkkusid)
|
~likesse
|
(~lìkkudesse)
|
96
|
26
|
|
kòi
|
kòi
|
kòid
|
|
kòisse
|
kòide
|
|
kòisid
|
kòidesse
|
|
43
|
i
|
idèe
|
idèe
|
idèed
|
|
idèesse
|
idèede
|
idèid
|
idèesid
|
idèedesse
|
(idèisse)
|
120
|
Tree of inflection types
- Note: Still in development!
- All the cases by which inflection types are categorised refer to individual forms unless otherwise specified.
- A PRT stem refers to the form of partitive individual, excluding its ending "t" or "d".
- In terms of prosody, simple words typically take their GEN form with two (e.lu) or four (se.mi.na.ri) non-overlong syllables, or one overlong open syllable replacing the first two non-overlong ones (màa, mùu.seu.mi). Words in other patterns are considered complex.
- The subtypes in the ÕS system will not be included in the following table:
- The e-type is not listed because the rule is clearly regular, where long words ending in "i" in their GEN individual form change to "eid" in their PRT collective form.
- The e/i/u-type is not relevant, as it matters more whether a word has a short form for the PRT collective. The vowel in which this short form ends does not affect the inflection pattern.
- Symbols used for Ending columns:
- * (asterisk) means no additional ending is applied to the form specified in the title of the column.
- + (plus) means a vowel will be added, but it cannot be specified as it varies from case to case.
- - (minus), appearing only in "-s", means the coda "s" will be removed in the GEN form.
Prosody
|
Ending
|
Inflection
|
Additional notes
|
GEN
|
PRT stem
|
GEN
|
PRT
|
Type
|
Subtype
|
Simple
|
Simple
|
*
|
*
|
elu
|
-
|
the simplest pattern of inflection, the three basic forms (NOM/GEN/PRT) of which are identical
|
nägu
|
GEN downgraded by weakening the consonant sandwiched between the vowels
|
t
|
pere
|
-
|
similar to elu, but ending in "t" in PRT; however, GEN collective ending in "de" as elu does
|
d
|
kòi
|
PRT of the words whose final syllable is open and overlong, ending in "d"
|
e
|
*
|
süli
|
-
|
similar to elu, except the endings of GEN and PRT change to "e"
|
jõgi
|
similar to nägu, except the endings of GEN and PRT change to "e"
|
d
|
meri
|
-
|
similar to süli, except its PRT form ends in "d", with "e" syncopated thus becoming overlong
|
t
|
sùur
|
-
|
GEN ending in "e", while PRT in "t" without "e"; its stem of GEN collective in weak form of NOM
|
ùus
|
similar to suur, except the ending "s" disappears in all weak forms
|
käsi
|
similar to uus, except for several slight differences due to its simple NOM form
|
harjutus
|
-
|
having short illative and PRT collective; same goes with oluline, with "n" changing to "s"
|
i
|
*
|
seminar
|
-
|
similar to harjutus, but its short illative being identical to its PRT
|
Complex
|
+
|
*
|
rìik
|
-
|
GEN downgraded with an extra vowel, while PRT upgraded to become overlong
|
kòer
|
with NOM ending in sibilant, nasal or lateral, its stem of GEN collective in weak form of NOM
|
tühi
|
weak NOM and GEN, and upgraded PRT
|
oder
|
similar to tühi, except for the syncopation in GEN
|
u
|
-lìk
|
similar to riik, except for the GEN collective by weakened PRT collective via back-formation
|
Complex
|
Complex
|
*
|
t
|
ohutu
|
-
|
the simplest pattern of inflection for prosodically complex words
|
+
|
õpik
|
-
|
similar to ohutu, when a vowel being added hence the final syllable becoming open
|
vaher
|
syncopated when a new vowel is added in GEN, causing the first syllable to become overlong
|
e
|
katus
|
similar to harjutus, but, prosodically complex, short illative not applicable; same goes with soolane, with "n" changing to "s"
|
-s
|
kallas
|
-
|
GEN upgraded to become overlong; the ending "s" being removed
|
+
|
küünal
|
syncopated when a new vowel is added in GEN; GEN collective ending in "de" rather than "te"
|
Simple
|
*
|
mõte
|
mostly ending in "e", which is derived from a special historical suffix
|
me
|
liige
|
-
|
"me"/"mne" replacing "e"/"me" to make GEN overlong; GEN collective following GEN individual
|
ase
|
"me" directly attached to the rear, therefore not making GEN overlong
|
See also