Appendix:Estonian declension

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This page is intended to give an overview of the declension types in Estonian, and to help editors find the right nominal declension table template.

The numbering system is based on the 2018 edition of Õigekeelsussõnaraamat.

General notes

  • ` denotes that the marked syllable is pronounced with an overlong length /ː/ (vòodi /ˈvoːdʲi/), as opposed to long /ˑ/. For example, the declension of riik should look like this:
Individual Collective
Nominative rìik riigid
Genitive riigi rìikide
Partitive rìiki rìike, rìikisid
Illative rìiki rìikidesse
riigisse
Inessive riigis rìikides
Elative riigist rìikidest
Allative riigile rìikidele
Adessive riigil rìikidel
Ablative riigilt rìikidelt
Translative riigiks rìikideks
Terminative riigini rìikideni
Essive riigina rìikidena
Abessive riigita rìikideta
Comitative riigiga rìikidega
Note: Columns in gray denotes weak grades, forms affected by consonant gradation; the remaining forms are denoting the strong grades.
  • The table in the next syllable only shows principal parts (nominative individual, genitive individual and collective, partitive individual and collective, and illative individual and collective). Other predictable endings can be seen below:
Ending Individual Collective
Nominative (collective) -d - Genitive individual
Long illative -sse Genitive individual Genitive collective
Inessive -s
Elative -st
Allative -le
Adessive -l
Ablative -lt
Translative -ks
Terminative -ni
Essive -na
Abessive -ta
Comitative -ga
  • Accusative cases are always the same as genitive individual and nominative collective, in the individual and collective forms, respectively.

ÕS 2018 numbering

Type individual collective Wiktionary
entries
nominative genitive partitive illative genitive partitive illative
short long short long short long long short
1 ohutu ohutu ohutut ohutusse ohutute ohutuid ohututesse ohutuisse 318
e vèski vèski vèskit vèskisse vèskite vèskeid vèskitesse vèskeisse
2 õpik õpiku õpikut õpikusse õpikute õpikuid õpikutesse õpikuisse 887
e minut minuti minutit minutisse minutite minuteid minutitesse minuteisse
3 vaher vàhtra vàhtrat vàhtrasse vàhtrate vàhtraid vàhtratesse vàhtraisse 15
e tanner tàndri tàndrit tàndrisse tàndrite tàndreid tàndritesse tàndreisse
4 ase aseme aset asemesse asemete asemeid asemetesse asemeisse 13
5 liige lìikme liiget lìikmesse lìikmete lìikmeid lìikmetesse lìikmeisse 30
e kallis kàlli kallist kàllisse kàllite kàlleid kàllitesse kàlleisse
6 mõte mõ̀tte mõtet mõ̀ttesse mõtete mõ̀tteid mõtetesse mõ̀tteisse 99
7 kallas kàlda kallast kàldasse kallaste kàldaid kallastesse kàldaisse 59
e rukis rùkki rukist rùkkisse rukiste rùkkeid rukistesse rùkkeisse
8 küünal kȕünla küünalt kȕünlasse küünalde kȕünlaid küünaldesse kȕünlaisse 17
9 katus katuse katust katusesse katuste katuseid katustesse katuseisse 155
10 soolane soolase soolast soolasesse soolaste soolaseid soolastesse soolaseisse 113
11 harjutus harjutuse harjutust harjutusse harjutusesse harjutuste harjutusi harjutustesse (harjutusisse) 231
12 oluline olulise olulist olulisse olulisesse oluliste olulisi olulistesse (olulisisse) 197
13 sùur suure sùurt sùurde suuresse suurte sùuri suurtesse (suurisse) 62
14 ùus uue ùut ùude uuesse uute ùusi uutesse (uusisse) 20
15 käsi kȁe kȁtt kȁtte kȁesse käte käsi kätesse (käsisse) 10
16 pere pere peret pèrre peresse perede peresid peredesse 151
17 elu elu elu èllu elusse elude elusid eludesse 198
e kivi kivi kivi kìvvi kivisse kivide kive kivisid kividesse (kivesse) 12
i pesa pesa pesa pèssa pesasse pesade pesi pesasid pesadesse (pesisse) 13
u saba saba saba sàppa sabasse sabade sabu sabasid sabadesse (sabusse) 41
18 nägu nȁo nägu nȁkku nȁosse nägude nägusid nägudesse 36
e tuba tòa tuba tùppa tòasse tubade tube tubasid tubadesse 13
u sõda sõja sõda sõ̀tta sõjasse sõdade sõdu sõdasid sõdadesse (sõjusse) 18
19 seminar seminari seminari seminari seminarisse seminaride seminare (seminarisid) seminaridesse (seminaresse) 121
20 süli süle süle sȕlle sülesse sülede sülesid süledesse 10
21 jõgi jõ̀e jõge jõ̀kke jõ̀esse jõgede jõgesid jõgedesse 18
22 põ̀u põue põ̀ue põ̀ue põuesse põ̀uede põ̀uesid põ̀uedesse 5
e rìik riigi rìiki rìiki riigisse rìikide rìike rìikisid rìikidesse (riigesse) 968
i kȕlm külma kȕlma kȕlma külmasse kȕlmade kȕlmi kȕlmasid kȕlmadesse (külmisse) 225
u lèib leiva lèiba lèiba leivasse lèibade lèibu lèibasid lèibadesse (leivusse) 141
23 e pòiss poisi pòissi pòissi poisisse poiste (pòisside) pòisse pòissisid poistesse (pòissidesse) 4
i kòer koera kòera kòera koerasse koerte (kòerade) kòeri kòerasid koertesse (kòeradesse)
u hèin heina hèina hèina heinasse heinte (hèinade) hèinu hèinasid heintesse (hèinadesse)
24 puri purje pùrje pùrje purjesse pùrjede pùrjesid pùrjedesse 4
e tühi tühja tȕhja tȕhja tühjasse tȕhjade tȕhje tȕhjasid tȕhjadesse (tühjesse)
i oder odra òtra òtra odrasse òtrade òtri òtrasid òtradesse (odrisse)
u padi padja pàtja pàtja padjasse pàtjade pàtju pàtjasid pàtjadesse (padjusse)
25 õnnelìk ~liku ~lìkku ~lìkku ~likusse ~like (~lìkkude) ~lìkke (~lìkkusid) ~likesse (~lìkkudesse) 96
26 kòi kòi kòid kòisse kòide kòisid kòidesse 43
i idèe idèe idèed idèesse idèede idèid idèesid idèedesse (idèisse) 120

Tree of inflection types

Note: Still in development!
  • All the cases by which inflection types are categorised refer to individual forms unless otherwise specified.
  • A PRT stem refers to the form of partitive individual, excluding its ending "t" or "d".
  • In terms of prosody, simple words typically take their GEN form with two (e.lu) or four (se.mi.na.ri) non-overlong syllables, or one overlong open syllable replacing the first two non-overlong ones (màa, mùu.seu.mi). Words in other patterns are considered complex.
  • The subtypes in the ÕS system will not be included in the following table:
    • The e-type is not listed because the rule is clearly regular, where long words ending in "i" in their GEN individual form change to "eid" in their PRT collective form.
    • The e/i/u-type is not relevant, as it matters more whether a word has a short form for the PRT collective. The vowel in which this short form ends does not affect the inflection pattern.
  • Symbols used for Ending columns:
    • * (asterisk) means no additional ending is applied to the form specified in the title of the column.
    • + (plus) means a vowel will be added, but it cannot be specified as it varies from case to case.
    • - (minus), appearing only in "-s", means the coda "s" will be removed in the GEN form.
Prosody Ending Inflection Additional notes
GEN PRT stem GEN PRT Type Subtype
Simple Simple * * elu - the simplest pattern of inflection, the three basic forms (NOM/GEN/PRT) of which are identical
nägu GEN downgraded by weakening the consonant sandwiched between the vowels
t pere - similar to elu, but ending in "t" in PRT; however, GEN collective ending in "de" as elu does
d kòi PRT of the words whose final syllable is open and overlong, ending in "d"
e * süli - similar to elu, except the endings of GEN and PRT change to "e"
jõgi similar to nägu, except the endings of GEN and PRT change to "e"
d meri - similar to süli, except its PRT form ends in "d", with "e" syncopated thus becoming overlong
t sùur - GEN ending in "e", while PRT in "t" without "e"; its stem of GEN collective in weak form of NOM
ùus similar to suur, except the ending "s" disappears in all weak forms
käsi similar to uus, except for several slight differences due to its simple NOM form
harjutus - having short illative and PRT collective; same goes with oluline, with "n" changing to "s"
i * seminar - similar to harjutus, but its short illative being identical to its PRT
Complex + * rìik - GEN downgraded with an extra vowel, while PRT upgraded to become overlong
kòer with NOM ending in sibilant, nasal or lateral, its stem of GEN collective in weak form of NOM
tühi weak NOM and GEN, and upgraded PRT
oder similar to tühi, except for the syncopation in GEN
u -lìk similar to riik, except for the GEN collective by weakened PRT collective via back-formation
Complex Complex * t ohutu - the simplest pattern of inflection for prosodically complex words
+ õpik - similar to ohutu, when a vowel being added hence the final syllable becoming open
vaher syncopated when a new vowel is added in GEN, causing the first syllable to become overlong
e katus similar to harjutus, but, prosodically complex, short illative not applicable; same goes with soolane, with "n" changing to "s"
-s kallas - GEN upgraded to become overlong; the ending "s" being removed
+ küünal syncopated when a new vowel is added in GEN; GEN collective ending in "de" rather than "te"
Simple * mõte mostly ending in "e", which is derived from a special historical suffix
me liige - "me"/"mne" replacing "e"/"me" to make GEN overlong; GEN collective following GEN individual
ase "me" directly attached to the rear, therefore not making GEN overlong

See also