Appendix:Hungarian pronunciation assimilation

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Assimilation in pronunciation

This appendix describes the rules of phonetic assimilation in pronunciation of Hungarian.

Pronunciation of written Hungarian is, for the most part, easy once one learns to pronounce the consonants and vowels since words are pronounced as written. The main exceptions are due to voicing and devoicing of consonants causing the spelling and pronunciation to diverge.

Unfortunately, some of the IPA transcription produced even by native speakers do not accurately reflect the change in pronunciation caused by different assimilation mechanism. It is therefore necessary and useful to list the different cases of assimilation to assist both editors and readers to manage this tricky subject by providing sufficient examples of correct IPA transcriptions.

For a deeper explanation of the rules refer to the Wikipedia article

Voicing and devoicing of consonants

Consonants can be classified as voiced and unvoiced.

Unvoiced p t k f sz s c cs ty h
Voiced b d g v z zs dz dzs gy j ly m n ny l r
  • Unvoiced consonants (except h) become voiced when preceding voiced consonants (except j, ly, m, n, ny, l, r, v).
    pdal folk song - in pronunciation the unvoiced consonant p becomes its voiced pair
  • Voiced consonants (except j, ly, m, n, ny, l, r) are devoiced when preceding unvoiced consonants.
    bfej foot - in pronunciation the voiced consonant b becomes its unvoiced pair
  • If the cluster contains a pair of consonant which is the voiced/devoiced counterpart of the other then the result is a long consonant sound:
    adtam I gave

It is a partial assimilation, meaning only one part of the consonant cluster is modified.

In a cluster of consonants ending in an obstruent, all obstruents change their voicing according to the last one of the sequence.

The assimilation rules are the following.

Devoicing of voiced consonants

Voiced consonants (except j, ly, m, n, ny, l, r) are devoiced when preceding unvoiced consonants.

p t k f sz s c cs ty h
b bp bt bk bf bsz bs bc bcs bty bh
zsebpénz dobtam zsebkendő bfej rabszolga rabság bcenti habcsók btyű dobhártya
d dp dt dk df dsz ds dc dcs dty dh
zöldpaprika adta
fáradt
vodka családfő földszint
tudsz
szabadság családcentrikus szabadcsapat vadtyúk adhat
buddhista
g gp gt gk gf gsz gs gc gcs gty gh
gpedig gtön megkap hangfal
megfelel
fogsz
legszebb
jogsértés újságcikk gcsál rengeteg tyúk meghat
v vp vt vk vf vsz vs vc vcs vty vh
könyvpiac szívtelen könyvklub évfolyam évszak
vsz
könyvsiker ? vcső ? vhit
z zp zt zk zf zsz zs zc zcs zty zh
zpont pénztár intézkedés szárazföld zszintes zsor zcélú zcsepp z tyúk zhoz
zs zsp zst zsk zsf zssz zss zsc zscs zsty zsh
rizspehely rizst rozskenyér rizsföld törzsszám garázssor ánizscukorka darázscsípés ? törzshely
dz dzp dzt dzk dzf dzsz dzs dzc dzcs dzty dzh
? belopództak ódzkodik ? ? ? ? ? ? edzhet
dzs dzsp dzst dzsk dzsf dzssz dzss dzsc dzscs dzsty dzsh
bridzsprogram bridzstől bridzskönyv a bridzs fő célja bridzsszövetség bridzssport a bridzs célja bridzscsapat ? bridzshez
gy gyp gyt gyk gyf gysz gys gyc gycs gyty gyh
nagypapa ágytól
hegytető
nagykövet
egykor
egyféle
ügyfél
egyszer egység Nagycenk hegycsúcs gyöngytyúk egyház
hagyhat

b /b/ → /p/

d /d/ → ">edit]

g /g/ → ">edit]

v /v/ → ">edit]

z /z/ → ">edit]

zs /ʒ/ → ">edit]

dz /d͡z/ → ">edit]

dzs /d͡ʒ/ → ">edit]

gy /ɟ/ → ">edit]

Voicing of unvoiced consonants

Unvoiced consonants (except h) become voiced when preceding voiced consonants (except j, ly, m, n, ny, l, r, v).

b d g z zs dz dzs gy
p pb pd pg pz pzs pdz pdzs pgy
alapbér pdal pgazdaság pzés kapzsi ? terepdzseki pgyár
t tb td tg tz tzs tdz tdzs tgy
képzeletbeli tdimenziós tgerinc sötétzöld kabátzseb ? pamutdzsörzé iratgyűjtő
k kb kd kg kz kzs kdz kdzs kgy
ajándékbolt ablakdeszka kgubó alakzat homokzsák ? gyerekdzseki gyermekgyógyász
f fb fd fg fz fzs fdz fdzs fgy
széfben csúfdal afgán ? ? ? golfdzseki széfgyártás
sz szb szd szg szz szzs szdz szdzs szgy
horgászbot csúszda fűrészgép gyászzene horgászzsinór ? kamaszdzseki viaszgyertya
s sb sd sg sz szs sdz sdzs sgy
kevésbé mosdik basszusgitár nyílászáró sertészsír ? városdzsungel vasgyár
c cb cd cg cz czs cdz cdzs cgy
párducbőr cdarab piacgazdaság tánczene arczsába ? árbocdzsungel nyolcgyermekes
cs csb csd csg csz cszs csdz csdzs csgy
barkácsbolt gubacsdarázs tolmácsgép kavicszátony csúcszsaru ? narancsdzsem abroncsgyártás
ty tyb tyd tyg tyz tyzs tydz tydzs tygy
pontyból ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

p /p/ → ">edit]

t /t/ → ">edit]

k /k/ → ">edit]

s /ʃ/ → ">edit]

c /t͡s/ → ">edit]

cs /t͡ʃ/ → ">edit]

sz /s/ → ">edit]

f /f/ → ">edit]

ty /c/ → ">edit]

Assimilation of sibilants

Hissing sibilants (sz, z) when preceding hushing sibilants (s, zs) become hushing sibilants (the above voicing and devoicing rules also apply if applicable).

sz → → ">edit]

sz → → ">edit]

z → ">edit]

z → ">edit]

Lengthening of consonants before j

Between two vowels the consonant clusters dj, gyj, tj, tyj, nj, nyj are pronounced long, but if they are between a consonant and a vowel, they are pronounced short.

d + j → ">edit]

adja - he/she gives it

d + j → ">edit]

földje - his/her land

gy + j → + j → ">edit]

hagyjátok - leave it

t + j → ">edit]

tja - he/she sees it
mutatja - he/she shows

t + j → ">edit]

kertje - his/her garden

ty + j → + j → ">edit]

atyja - his/her father
tyja - his/her older brother

n + j → ">edit]

kívánjuk - we wish

n + j → ">edit]

westernje his/her western movie

ny + j → + j → ">edit]

anyja - his/her mother
nyja - he/she throws it

Nasal place assimilation

n → ">edit]

n → ">edit]

n → ">edit]

Full assimilation

l + r → ">edit]

álruha - disguise
balra - to the left
lre - to the side

l + j → ">edit]

tanulj - learn!

ll + j → ">edit]

hallja - he/she can hear it

t + sz → → ">edit]

tszik - he/she is playing
metsz

t + sz → → ">edit]

Bratszk - Bratsk

d + sz → → ">edit]

másodszor - the second time

t + s → → ">edit]

barátság - friendship

t + s → → ">edit]

mentség - excuse

d + s → → ">edit]

szabadság - freedom

Consonant clusters

If more than two consonants follow each other in a word, the middle consonant will not be pronounced.

References

  1. ^ Wikipedia Article on Hungarian Phonology at w:Hungarian_phonology#Assimilation
  2. ^ Rounds, Carol. Hungarian: an Essential Grammar. London / New York: Routledge. 2001. →ISBN. Preview at Google Books