This is a Swadesh list of words in Khakas, compared with definitions in English.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
| № | English | Khakas хакас тілі (xakas tìlì) edit (204) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | I (1sg) | мин (min) |
| 2 | you (2sg) | син (sin) |
| 3 | he, she, it (3sg) | ол (ol) |
| 4 | we (1pl) | пiс (pis) |
| 5 | you (2pl) | сiрер (sirer) |
| 6 | they (3pl) | олар (olar) |
| 7 | this | пу (pu) |
| 8 | that | ол (ol) |
| 9 | here | мында (mında) |
| 10 | there | анда (anda) |
| 11 | who | кем (kem) |
| 12 | what | ниме (nime) |
| 13 | where | хайда (xayda) |
| 14 | when | хаӌан (xacan) |
| 15 | how | хайди (xaydi) |
| 16 | not | нимес (nimes), чох (çox) |
| 17 | all | прай (pray), тикci (tikci), тооза (tooza) |
| 18 | many | кöп (köp) |
| 19 | some | нинӌе-де (nince-de), кöп нимес (köp nimes) (a few), сала (sala) |
| 20 | few | ас (as) |
| 21 | other | пасха (pasxa) |
| 22 | one | пир (pir) |
| 23 | two | iкi (iki) |
| 24 | three | ӱс (üs) |
| 25 | four | тöрт (tört) |
| 26 | five | пис (pis) |
| 27 | big | улуг (ulug) |
| 28 | long | узун (uzun) |
| 29 | wide | чалбах (çalbax), аллығ (allığ) |
| 30 | thick | халын (xalın) |
| 31 | heavy | аар (aar) |
| 32 | small | кiчиӌек (kiçicek) |
| 33 | short | хысха (xısxa) |
| 34 | narrow | нiске (niske) (not wide), тaр (tar) (tight) |
| 35 | thin | чуғаӌах (çuğacax), чуға (çuğa), niske |
| 36 | woman | ипчi кiзi (ipçi kizi) |
| 37 | man (adult male) | ир кiзi (ir kizi) |
| 38 | man (human being) | кiзi (kizi) |
| 39 | child | пала (pala), олған (olğan) |
| 40 | wife | ипчiзi (ipçizi) |
| 41 | husband | ирi (iri) |
| 42 | mother | иӌе (ice), ине (ine) |
| 43 | father | аба (aba), ада (ada) |
| 44 | animal | аң (añ) (beast) |
| 45 | fish | палых (palıx) |
| 46 | bird | хус (xus) |
| 47 | dog | адай (aday) (Tung.?) |
| 48 | louse | пiт (pit) |
| 49 | snake | чылан (çılan) |
| 50 | worm | хурт (xurt) |
| 51 | tree | ағас (ağas) |
| 52 | forest | ағас (ağas) |
| 53 | stick | таях (tayax) |
| 54 | fruit | фрукт (frukt), нимис (nimis) |
| 55 | seed | ӱрен (üren) |
| 56 | leaf | пӱр (pür) |
| 57 | root | чилеге (çilege), тазыл (tazıl) |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | хахпас (xaxpas), хабых (xabıx) |
| 59 | flower | чахаях (çaxayax), порчо (porço) |
| 60 | grass | от (ot) |
| 61 | rope | пағ (pağ), арғамӌы (arğamcı) |
| 62 | skin | теер (teer) |
| 63 | meat | ит (it) |
| 64 | blood | хан (xan) |
| 65 | bone | сööк (söök) |
| 66 | fat (noun) | чағ (çağ), симiс (simis), ӱс (üs) |
| 67 | egg | нымырха (nımırxa) |
| 68 | horn | мӱус (müus) |
| 69 | tail | хузурух (xuzurux) |
| 70 | feather | чӱг (çüg) |
| 71 | hair | сас (sas), хыл (xıl) |
| 72 | head | пас (pas) |
| 73 | ear | хулах (xulax) |
| 74 | eye | харах (xarax) |
| 75 | nose | пурун (purun), тумзух (tumzux), тунӌух (tuncux) |
| 76 | mouth | аас (aas) |
| 77 | tooth | тiс (tis) |
| 78 | tongue (organ) | тiл (til) |
| 79 | fingernail | тырғах (tırğax) |
| 80 | foot | азах (azax) |
| 81 | leg | азах (azax), бут (but) (thigh) |
| 82 | knee | тiзек (tizek) |
| 83 | hand | хол (xol) |
| 84 | wing | ханат (xanat) |
| 85 | belly | харын (xarın), icтi (icti) |
| 86 | guts | iчеге (içege) |
| 87 | neck | мойын (moyın) |
| 88 | back | уча (uça), арға (arğa), пiл (pil) |
| 89 | breast | имжек (imjek) |
| 90 | heart | чӱрек (çürek) |
| 91 | liver | паар (paar) |
| 92 | to drink | iзерге (izerge) |
| 93 | to eat | чирге (çirge) |
| 94 | to bite | ызырарға (ızırarğa), тударға (tudarğa) |
| 95 | to suck | сорарға (sorarğa), эмерғе (emerğe) |
| 96 | to spit | тӱкӱрерғе (tükürerğe) |
| 97 | to vomit | хузарға (xuzarğa) |
| 98 | to blow | ӱрерғе (ürerğe) (wind), ӱбӱрерғе (übürerğe) |
| 99 | to breathe | тынарға (tınarğa) |
| 100 | to laugh | хатхырарга (xatxırarga), кӱлерге (külerge) |
| 101 | to see | кöрерге (körerge) |
| 102 | to hear | истерге (isterge) |
| 103 | to know | пiлерге (pilerge) |
| 104 | to think | сағынарға (sağınarğa) |
| 105 | to smell | чыстанарға (çıstanarğa) (give off smell) |
| 106 | to fear | хорығарға (xorığarğa) |
| 107 | to sleep | узирға (uzirğa) |
| 108 | to live | чуртирға (çurtirğa) |
| 109 | to die | öлерге (ölerge) |
| 110 | to kill | öдiрерге (ödirerge) |
| 111 | to fight | кӱрезерге (kürezerge), харбазарға (xarbazarğa), чаалазарға (çaalazarğa) (war) |
| 112 | to hunt | ацнирға (atsnirğa) |
| 113 | to hit | cабарға (cabarğa), теерге (teerge), урунарға (urunarğa) |
| 114 | to cut | кизерге (kizerge) |
| 115 | to split | чарарға (çararğa), оодарға (oodarğa) (wood) |
| 116 | to stab | сазарға (sazarğa) |
| 117 | to scratch | тырбахтирға (tırbaxtirğa) |
| 118 | to dig | хазарға (xazarğa) |
| 119 | to swim | чӱзерге (çüzerge) |
| 120 | to fly | учугарға (uçugarğa) |
| 121 | to walk | парарға (pararğa), чöрерге (çörerge) |
| 122 | to come | килерге (kilerge) |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | чадарға (çadarğa) |
| 124 | to sit | одырарға (odırarğa) |
| 125 | to stand | турарға (turarğa) |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | айлан(дыр)арға (aylan(dır)arğa), айландыры бызарға (aylandırı bızarğa) |
| 127 | to fall | тӱзерге (tüzerge) |
| 128 | to give | пирерге (pirerge) |
| 129 | to hold | тударға (tudarğa) |
| 130 | to squeeze | хызарға (xızarğa) |
| 131 | to rub | чызарға (çızarğa) |
| 132 | to wash | чуурға (çuurğa) |
| 133 | to wipe | чызарға (çızarğa) |
| 134 | to pull | сöртирге (sörtirge), тартарға (tartarğa) |
| 135 | to push | iдерге (iderge), сазарға (sazarğa) |
| 136 | to throw | тастирға (tastirğa), силерге (silerge) |
| 137 | to tie | палғирға (palğirğa) |
| 138 | to sew | тiгерге (tigerge) |
| 139 | to count | санирға (sanirğa) |
| 140 | to say | чоохтирға (çooxtirğa), чохтанарға (çoxtanarğa) |
| 141 | to sing | ырлирға (ırlirğa), сарнирға (sarnirğa) |
| 142 | to play | ойнирға (oynirğa) |
| 143 | to float | чӱзерге (çüzerge), ағарға (ağarğa) |
| 144 | to flow | ағарға (ağarğa) |
| 145 | to freeze | тоорға (toorğa) |
| 146 | to swell | сiзерге (sizerge), кöберге (köberge) |
| 147 | sun | кӱн (kün) |
| 148 | moon | ай (ay) |
| 149 | star | чылтыс (çıltıs) |
| 150 | water | суғ (suğ) |
| 151 | rain | наңмыр (nañmır) |
| 152 | river | суғ (suğ) |
| 153 | lake | кöл (köl) |
| 154 | sea | талай (talay) (Mong.) |
| 155 | salt | тус (tus) |
| 156 | stone | тас (tas) |
| 157 | sand | хум (xum) |
| 158 | dust | тозын (tozın) |
| 159 | earth | тобырах (tobırax), чир (çir) |
| 160 | cloud | пулут (pulut) |
| 161 | fog | тубан (tuban) |
| 162 | sky | тигiр (tigir) |
| 163 | wind | чил (çil) |
| 164 | snow | хар (xar) |
| 165 | ice | пус (pus) |
| 166 | smoke | тӱдӱн (tüdün), ыс (ıs) |
| 167 | fire | от (ot) |
| 168 | ash | кӱл (kül) |
| 169 | to burn | кöйерғе (köyerğe) |
| 170 | road | чол (çol) |
| 171 | mountain | тағ (tağ) |
| 172 | red | хызыл (xızıl) |
| 173 | green | (от) кöк ((ot) kök), ноған (noğan), чазыл (çazıl) |
| 174 | yellow | сарығ (sarığ) |
| 175 | white | ах (ax) |
| 176 | black | хара (xara) |
| 177 | night | тӱн (tün), хараа (xaraa) |
| 178 | day | кӱн (kün) |
| 179 | year | чыл (çıl) |
| 180 | warm | чылығ (çılığ) |
| 181 | cold | соох (soox) |
| 182 | full | толдыра (toldıra) |
| 183 | new | наа (naa) |
| 184 | old | иргi (irgi), кирі (kirì) (person) |
| 185 | good | чахсы (çaxsı) |
| 186 | bad | хомай (xomay), чабал (çabal) |
| 187 | rotten | чызығ (çızığ), чызаан (çızaan) (fruit), ірік (ìrìk) (wood) |
| 188 | dirty | кiрлiг (kirlig), пуртах (purtax) |
| 189 | straight | кöнi (köni) |
| 190 | round | тоғылах (toğılax), тегiлек (tegilek), терпек (terpek) |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | чiтiг (çitig) |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | омас (omas) |
| 193 | smooth | тӱс (tüs) |
| 194 | wet | öл (öl) |
| 195 | dry | хуруғ (xuruğ) |
| 196 | correct | сын (sın), орта (orta) |
| 197 | near | чағын (çağın) |
| 198 | far | ырах (ırax) |
| 199 | right | оң (oñ) |
| 200 | left | сол (sol) |
| 201 | at | -да/-де/-та/-те (-da/-de/-ta/-te) |
| 202 | in | -да/-де/-та/-те (-da/-de/-ta/-te) |
| 203 | with | |
| 204 | and | даа (daa), таа (taa) |
| 205 | if | |
| 206 | because | |
| 207 | name | ат (at) |