Appendix:Navajo alphabet

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Letter Letter name IPA value Approximation
A aa a as in father
B bee p as in spade
C* sxee N/A
Ch chee ch as in chin
Chʼ chʼee ch, but ejective
D dee t as in stop
Dl dlee like a combination of t and l, as in atlas
Dz dzee ts as in cats
E ee e as in egg
F* eł/ef N/A
G gee k as in skin
Gh ghee ch as in Scottish loch, but voiced
H hee ch as in Scottish loch
Hw hwee like a combination of Scottish ch and w, as in Lochwinnoch
I ii i as in ink
J jee ch as in chin
K kee k as in kite
Kʼ kʼee k, but ejective
Kw kwee qu as in queen
L lee l as in lemon
Ł łee Welsh ll as in llwyd (grey)
M mee m as in mother
N nee n as in nine
O oo oa as in oat
P* pee N/A
Q* kwah N/A
R* egh/er N/A
S see s as in sun
Sh shee sh as in ship
T tee t as in tree
Tʼ tʼee t, but ejective
Tł tłee like a combination of t and Welsh ll
Tłʼ tłʼee like a combination of t and Welsh ll, but ejective
Ts tsee ts as in cats
Tsʼ tsʼee ts, but ejective
U* uu N/A
V* łwee/vee N/A
W wee like a combination of Scottish ch and w, but voiced
X eks same as h
Y yee y as in yes, but stronger
Z zee z as in zipper
Zh zhee s as in measure
ʼ saad niyíłtłáádígíí a glottal stop, as in uh-oh

Note: * = not present in the alphabet

The letters á, ą, ą́, é, ę, ę́, í, į, į́, ó, ǫ, ǫ́, ń are not treated as separate letters on their own in the Navajo alphabet, and instead are treated as the base letter plus diacritic, used in the orthography to show tone and nasalization. Long vowels are written double: aa, áa, aá, áá, etc. The letter x is considered a variant of h, used after s, ts, g, and z to avoid confusion with digraphs. It may also be used after sh and ch to avoid the potential confusion of an h following a digraph containing h. In many texts the infix -h-/-x- is always written -x-.

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