Proto-Jê reconstructions:
Reconstruction of Proto-Jê (Nikulin 2020a):
| Portuguese gloss | Proto-Jê |
|---|---|
| pé | *par |
| jirau | *par |
| braço, galho | *paj’ |
| acender | *pə̂₁k |
| sair.PL | *pə̂₁c |
| tubo, cabo | *pu₁K |
| limpar | *pũ₂ |
| lavar | *pê |
| fazer | *-pê₁T |
| tocar, mexer | *-pê₁T |
| peidar | *pê₁k |
| madeira, lenha | *pĩm |
| carvão, brasa | *prəC |
| fome, querer | *prə̃m’ |
| morder | (?) *prə̂ (p/m) |
| pena, palha de milho | *prə̂₂(j’) |
| caminho | *pry ~ *pryn |
| esposa | *prũ₁K |
| pequi / resina do pinheiro | (?) *prĩt |
| fígado | *mba |
| ouvir, entender | *mba |
| medo | *pVmba(C) |
| bochecha | *jVmba(C) |
| DAT | *mə̃ |
| agarrar, carregar | *mbə̂₂T |
| astro | *mbyt |
| rabo, cauda | *mbyn |
| chorar | *mbô, *mbôr |
| ir.PL | *mũ₁ |
| bom | *mbec |
| céu | *mbe(C) |
| PL; COM | *mẽ |
| arremessar.SG | *mẽT |
| machado | *mbêm |
| líquido | *mbê₁n |
| esposo | *mbê₂n’ |
| andar.PL | *mbra |
| dar banho | *-mrỹ(m) |
| cinza | *mbro |
| formiga | *mbru₂m’ |
| mergulhar, afundar | *mrũ(C) |
| termo de parentesco por afinidade | *mbre |
| andar | *wa(C) |
| podre | *wəm |
| cheirar, farejar | *wə̃P |
| árvore / taquara | *wə̂₂r’ ~ *wər’ |
| pegar, carregar | *wy*wyr |
| desatar | *wôT |
| mostrar, falar | *wẽ(C) |
| ser melancólico, gostar | *jawê₁ |
| matar.SG | *wĩ |
| novo | *tə̂₂m’ ~ *təm’ |
| INSTR | *tə̃ |
| duro, forte | *tə̂₂t |
| capivara | *k(r)Vmtym’ |
| morrer | *tyk |
| preto | *tyk |
| voar | *toP |
| língua | *ñũ₁cto |
| gordura | *tôm’ |
| carregar | *tu₁ |
| mutuca | *pVtu₁ |
| velho, ancestral | *tu₂m’ |
| pomba | *tu₂t ~ *tu₂n’ |
| NEG | *tũK |
| irmão | *tũj’ |
| GEN → ERG | *te |
| ir.SG | *tẽ*tẽm’ |
| queimar | *tê₂t |
| sonhar | *peti*…ti |
| barriga | *tik |
| chuva | *ndaj’ |
| mãe | *nə̃ |
| enviar | *jando |
| olho | *ndom |
| caramujo | *ndôn’ ~ *ndu₁n’ |
| pescoço | *ndu₁ñ’ |
| ruim / torto | *pôndu₂(C) |
| estar deitado.SG | *nũP |
| bater | *raT |
| asa, pena axila | *jar(a) |
| parecer | *pVrək |
| flor | *rə̃(r) |
| saliva | *jar-rə ~ *jar-rə̂₂ |
| descer.SG, entrar.SG | *rôk |
| astro | *rôj’ |
| buscar água, despejar | *ru₁T |
| abandonar, deixar | *re |
| arremessar.PL | *rẽT*rẽñ’ |
| atravessar, descer.PL | *rê₁P |
| capinar | *…-rê₁(C) |
| raiz | *jarê₁T ~ *jarê₁n |
| dois | *rêK |
| olhar | *rĩt |
| chupar, mamar | *cə̂₁P |
| mamar | *pijacə̂₁P |
| tecer | *cyP |
| semente | *cym |
| fogo | *kucym |
| vagina | *cu₁ |
| ninho | *jV(m)cê |
| osso | *ci |
| tipoia, feixe | *…-cĩ |
| morder | *nĵa |
| mascar, mastigar | *ka(p)nĵa |
| pendurar.SG | *nĵə̂₁P |
| marimbondo, caba | *nĵy |
| esquentar, secar | *nĵu₁T |
| saburá | *nĵu₂m’ |
| beliscar | *nĵê |
| mãe | *nĵi |
| estar de pé.SG | *ja |
| colocar de pé.SG | *jam’ |
| comer.INTR | *jaT |
| nariz | *ñĩja |
| urina | *jəC |
| doce | *jəñ’ |
| rasgar | *jə̂₁ |
| amargo | *jə̂₂K |
| fumaça | *ñĩjə̂₂K |
| estar sentado.SG | *ñỹP |
| dente | *jô |
| derramar | *…-jô |
| tomar banho | *jôm |
| dono, NOMAG | *jôñ’ |
| azedo sal | *jôK |
| esconder | *peju₁ |
| chegar | *ju₁t |
| (posposição) | *ju₂ |
| pus | *ju₂P |
| pai | *ju₂m’ |
| fezes | *ñṼt |
| fio | *jêT ~ *jên |
| seio | *ñũ₁mjê(C) |
| veia | *kujêk |
| colocar deitado.SG | *ji |
| um | *pVjiT |
| nome | *…-ji |
| carne | *ñĩT |
| mão (formativo) | *ñĩm- |
| cesto | *kaj |
| mosca | *kə̂₁p |
| árvore, chifre | *kə̂₁m |
| chifre | *ñĩkə̂₁m |
| testa | *kə̂₁j’ |
| vento | *kə̂₁k, *kakə̂₁k |
| catinga, pitiú, pixé | *kə̂₂(C) ~ *ky(C) |
| pele | *kyj’ |
| casca beiço | *jar-kyj’ ~ *jaj-kyj’ |
| boca | *jar-kô |
| céu | *kVjkô |
| cavar | *kôT |
| cagar | *kô(C) |
| macaxeira | *kôr |
| comer | *ku₂ |
| neblina, nuvem | *ku₂m’ ~ *ŋgu₂m’ |
| pedra | *kẽt |
| NEG | *kê₁t |
| rachar | *kê₂C |
| LOC | *ki |
| cabelo | *-ki |
| filho, filha | *kraK |
| pederneira, metal | *kryt |
| cabeça | *krỹj’ |
| joelho | *jVkrỹj’ |
| podre | *kroj’ |
| bico | *krôt |
| buraco | *kre |
| plantar | *kre |
| comer.SG | *krẽ |
| coxa | *krê₂j’ |
| socar, debulhar | *ŋə̃T |
| piolho | *ŋgə̂₁T |
| terra | *ŋgə̂ (C) |
| água | (?) *ŋgə̂₁j’ ~*ŋgə̂₂j |
| pressionar, esfregar, esfarelar | *ŋũ₁T |
| pelos de animal | *ŋgôñ’ |
| entrar.PL, inserir.PL vestir.PL | *ŋgê₂ |
| raiva, zanga | *ŋgryk |
| tucano | *ŋrũ₁ |
| ovo, genital | *ŋgre |
| dançar, cantar | *ŋgre |
| pequeno, miúdo | *ŋgrê₁ |
| empacotar, enrolar | *ŋrĩT |
| assar.SG | *aP |
| INT (classe I) | *a(j’)- |
| AG/INT | *aj’ |
| +INT | *ô- |
| AG | *ôj’ |
| +AG | *uj’ |
| dar | *ũP |
| dormir | *ũ₁r, *ñũ₁t |
| AG | *ê₁j’ |
| INT | *iñ’ |
Proto-Jê reconstructions by Nikulin (2020b):
| English gloss | Proto-Jê |
|---|---|
| foot | *par |
| arm, branch | *pañ |
| tree, wood, firewood | *pĩm |
| to rub, to clean | *põ |
| to leave.PL | *pôc |
| to fart | *pê/*pê-k |
| hungry, to want | *prə̃m’ |
| coal, ember | *prʏ |
| road | *pry (~ *pryn) |
| wife | *prũ |
| to hear, to understand | *mba |
| liver | *mba |
| to be afraid | *-mbaŋ’ |
| DAT | *mə̃ |
| to grab, to carry | *mbə̂ |
| tail | *mbyn |
| celestial body | *mbyt |
| good | *mbec |
| PL; with | *mẽ |
| liquid | *mbên |
| husband | *mbɪn’ |
| to go.PL | *mũ |
| ashes | *mbrə |
| ant | *mbrʊm’ |
| relative by marriage’ (kinship term) | *mbre |
| to walk | *wa |
| to take, to carry | *wy |
| to untie | *wô |
| to fly.SG | *tə |
| tongue | *ñũctə |
| INSTR | *tə̃ |
| strong, hard | *tə̂t |
| to die | *ty |
| capybara | *k(r)Vmtym’ |
| black, dark | *tyk |
| fat | *tom’ |
| old | *tʊm’ |
| to carry | *tu |
| horsefly | *potu |
| NEG | *tũ |
| to go.SG | *tẽ |
| to dream | *peti |
| to send | *jandə |
| eye | *ndəm |
| mother | *nə̃ |
| to lie.SG | *nõ |
| bad or crooked | *pondʊ (~ *pondʊn) |
| to hit | *ra |
| wing; armpit | *jara |
| celestial body | *roñ |
| to transport liquid or to pour | *ru |
| to leave, to abandon | *re |
| to throw.PL | *rẽ |
| root | *jarê (~ *jarên) |
| to weed | *-rê(C) |
| to look | *rĩt |
| to weave | *cy |
| seed | *cym |
| to eat soft food, to suck | *cô |
| leaf | *côj |
| nest | *jacê ~ *jVmcê |
| bandage, sling | *-cĩ(C) |
| to chew | *kapnĵa |
| bee, bumblebee | *nĵy |
| to hang.SG | *nĵô |
| to tickle | *nĵê |
| to stand.SG | *ja |
| to put vertically.SG | *ja |
| nose | *ñĩja |
| to eat.INTR, food | *jañ |
| bitter | *jə̂ |
| smoke | *ñĩjə̂ |
| urine | *jʏ |
| to sit.SG | *ñỹ |
| tooth | *jo |
| salt | *kVjo |
| to tear, to rip | *jô |
| pus | *jʊ |
| postposition | *jʊ |
| father | *jʊm’ |
| to hide | *peju |
| to heat, to dry | *nĵu |
| to sleep | *ũt/*ñũt |
| thread, knot, cloth | *jê (~ *jên) |
| female breast | *ñũmjê(C) |
| vein | *kujêk |
| to lay.SG | *ji |
| name | *jiji ~ *ñĩji |
| meat | *ñĩ |
| hand (in compounds) | *ñĩ(m)- |
| basket | *kaj’ |
| skin, bark | *kyñ |
| lip | *jar-kyñ |
| to dig | *ko |
| mouth | *jar-ko |
| sky | *kVñko |
| fly, mosquito | *kôp |
| tree, horn | *kôm |
| horn | *ñĩ-kôm |
| wind | *kôk ~ *ka-kôk |
| to eat | *kʊ |
| stone | *kẽt |
| NEG | *kêt |
| pit | *kɪj |
| to split | *kɪ ~ *kɪj ~ *kɪj’ |
| offspring | *kra |
| macaw | *krat |
| head | *krỹñ |
| knee | *jVkrỹñ |
| chin, beak | *krot |
| hole | *kre |
| to plant | *kre |
| thigh | *krɪñ |
| to push against, to grind | *ŋə̃(C) |
| feather, hair | *ŋgoñ’ |
| louse | *ŋgô |
| to push against, to crumble | *ŋũ |
| to enter.PL | *ŋgɪ |
| toucan | *ŋrũ (~ *ŋrũn) |
| egg | *ŋgre |
| to dance | *ŋgre |
| wrap | *ŋrĩ(C) |
Proto-Jê reconstructions by Ribeiro & van der Voort (2010):
| English gloss | Proto-Jê |
|---|---|
| relational prefix | *j- |
| dative | *mã |
| to open | *kje |
| wing | *j-ar |
| mouth | *j-arkua |
| mouth | *j-ar- |
| head | *krã |
| feather | *j-ar |
| path | *prɨ |
| causativizer | *-n |
| chief | *paʔi |
| to suck | *so |
| to catch | *wɨ |
| to eat, to bite | *ku |
| body | *hǝ |
| to sing, to dance | *ŋrɛ |
| to lay | *j-i, *s-i |
| hard | *tǝt |
| to stand | *j-am |
| thorn | *j-ĩ |
| to speak | *wẽ |
| fart | *pek |
| tree, wood, horn | *ko |
| wood, firewood | *pĩ |
| ashes, dust | *mrɔ |
| to wash | *pe |
| tongue | *j-õtɔ |
| hand | *j-ĩ- |
| hand | *ɲ-ĩkra |
| to kill | *wĩ |
| nest | *j-ase |
| bone | *si |
| to hear, to know | *ma |
| egg | *ŋrɛ |
| stone | *kɛn |
| skin, bark | *kɨ |
| to plant | *krɛ |
| 1st person | *ĩj- |
| 2nd person | *a- |
| 3rd person | *ĩ- |
| 3rd person | *s- |
| pus | *j-u, *j-ur |
| tail | *mɨ |
| root | *j-are |
| seed | *sɨ |
| to sit | *j-ã |
| hunger | *prãm |
| earth | *pɨka |
| to come | *tẽm |
Reconstruction of Proto-Jê by Davis (1966):
| No. | English gloss | Proto-Jê |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | your | *a- |
| 2 | to stand | *ca, *cam |
| 3 | to burn | *cər, *cət |
| 4 | tooth | *cwa |
| 5 | my | *i-, *ic- |
| 6 | you | *ka |
| 7 | salt | *ka-cwa |
| 8 | to scratch | *ka-kre, *-krenʸ |
| 9 | red | *ka-mrɛk |
| 10 | blood | *ka-mro |
| 11 | star | *kanʸe |
| 12 | lazy | *kaŋa |
| 13 | snake | *kaŋaⁿ |
| 14 | hot | *kaŋrɔ |
| 15 | soul | *ka-roⁿ |
| 16 | to suck | *ka-zo, *-zor |
| 17 | skin, bark | *kə |
| 18 | to bellow, call | *kə, *kər |
| 19 | sky | *kəckwa |
| 20 | left | *kɛ, *-kɛc |
| 21 | stone | *kɛn |
| 22 | hair | *ki |
| 23 | horn | *ko |
| 24 | to drink | *-koⁿ |
| 25 | wind | *kok |
| 26 | knee | *koⁿn |
| 27 | child | *kra |
| 28 | head | *kraⁿ |
| 29 | to eat | *kreⁿ |
| 30 | house, burrow | *krɛ |
| 31 | rotten | *krɔ |
| 32 | cold | *kry |
| 33 | parrot | *kryz |
| 34 | to eat | *ku, *kur |
| 35 | monkey | *ku-kɔz |
| 36 | tapir | *ku-kryt |
| 37 | smoke | *kuⁿm |
| 38 | to wrap | *kupu |
| 39 | to wash | *ku-zoⁿ, *-zoⁿnʸ |
| 40 | fire | *ku-zy |
| 41 | manioc | *kwyr |
| 42 | liver | *ma |
| 43 | to hear | *-ma, *-mar |
| 44 | to throw | *meⁿ, *meⁿnʸ |
| 45 | good | *mɛc |
| 46 | honey | *menʸ |
| 47 | alligator | *miⁿ, *miⁿnʸ |
| 48 | go, walk | *moⁿ, *moⁿr |
| 49 | ashes | *mrɔ, *mrɔc, *prə |
| 50 | to see | *-mu, *munʸ |
| 51 | neck | *mut |
| 52 | tail | *my |
| 53 | sun | *myt |
| 54 | husband | *mzɛn |
| 55 | rain | *na |
| 56 | mother | *naⁿ |
| 57 | to lie | *noⁿ, *noⁿr |
| 58 | eye | *nɔ |
| 59 | new | *nyw |
| 60 | to bite | *nʸa, *nʸar |
| 61 | meat | *nʸiⁿ |
| 62 | hand | *nʸiⁿ-kra |
| 63 | nose | *nʸiⁿ-nʸa-krɛ |
| 64 | food | *nʸoⁿ |
| 65 | to sleep | *nʸoⁿt |
| 66 | tongue | *nʸoⁿ-tɔ |
| 67 | to sit | *nʸyⁿ, *nʸyⁿr |
| 68 | louse | *ŋo |
| 69 | water | *ŋo, *ŋoc |
| 70 | dry | *ŋrə |
| 71 | egg | *ŋrɛ |
| 72 | to sing | *ŋrɛ, *ŋrɛr |
| 73 | small | *ŋri-rɛ |
| 74 | arm | *pa |
| 75 | I | *pa |
| 76 | to finish | *pa, *par |
| 77 | father | *paⁿm |
| 78 | foot | *par |
| 79 | anteater | *pat |
| 80 | tree, firewood | *piⁿ |
| 81 | to kill | *piⁿ, *piⁿr |
| 82 | wide | *pɔ |
| 83 | wife | *proⁿ |
| 84 | path | *pry |
| 85 | one | *py-ci, *py-cit |
| 86 | earth | *py=ka, *-kanʸ |
| 87 | flower | *raⁿ |
| 88 | to swim | *re, *rer |
| 89 | dog | *rɔp |
| 90 | long | *ry |
| 91 | third person pronoun | *ta, *tam |
| 92 | come, go | *teⁿ, *teⁿm |
| 93 | leg | *tɛ |
| 94 | fish | *tɛp |
| 95 | heavy | *-tiⁿ |
| 96 | younger brother | *toⁿ |
| 97 | to fly | *tɔ, *tɔr |
| 98 | belly | *tu, *tum |
| 99 | grass | *tu, *tunʸ |
| 100 | to die | *ty, *tyk, *tyr |
| 101 | black | *tyk |
| 102 | fat, grease | *twəm |
| 103 | white | *za-ka |
| 104 | to blow | *zako, *zakor |
| 105 | wing, feather | *za-ra |
| 106 | root | *za-re |
| 107 | to tell | *za-reⁿ |
| 108 | mouth | *zaz-kwa |
| 109 | bone | *zi |
| 110 | name | *zici |
| 111 | leaf | *zo, *zoc |
| 112 | seed | *zy |