Appendix:Proto-Masa reconstructions

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The following list of Proto-Masa reconstructions is from Shryock (1997).

List

No. Gloss Proto-Masa
1. to accompany *tin
2. antelope *zar
3. ashes *but
4. to ask *j-p
5. arm, hand *ɓa
6. to awake *ɮ-
7. bark, peal *b-l-k
8. bat *babay
9. bean *ɾit
10. bee, honey *y-m
11. beer *sum
12. to belch *giɬ
13. to bite *et
14. black *wura
15. blacksmith, hammer *caf
16. blow *fo
17. blood *vuzur
18. body *tu
19. to boil *zaɾ
20. bone *sok
21. brain *toʔon
22. to break *k-s
23. breast *po
24. to breathe *m-s-k
25. broom *samat
26. to carve *cet
27. charcoal *v-n
28. chin *d-m
29. co-wife *h-n
30. cold *hep
31. to come *mb-
32. to cough *oɬ
33. crocodile *hurum
34. to cultivate *zum
35. to dance *ndur
36. darkness *nduvun
37. death, funeral *mat
38. dew *mb-ɗ-
39. to die *m-t
40. to displace *j-k
41. to do *ri (See‘time’,‘place’)
42. dog *d-
43. to drink *ci
44. ear *hum
45. to eat *ti
46. to eat meat *k-m
47. egg *se
48. to enter *kal
49. excrement *sot
50. to extract *pat
51. eye *ir
52. to fall *nd-
53. father *b-
54. feather *ɮ-m
55. field *sine
56. field rat *njuk
57. fig tree *tuɾum
58. fire *ku
59. fish *k-ɾf-
60. five *vaɬ
61. flour *fut
62. flute *d-f
63. fly *raw
64. foot, leg *sem
65. to forge *ɮi
66. fork, forked stick *garak
67. four *fiɗi
68. front *v-k
69. to fry *haw
70. girl *way
71. to give birth *vut
72. to go *t-
73. goat *hu
74. granary *z-ŋ
75. grass *-s-
76. grave *us
77. to grill *war
78. hair *ŋgusa
79. hare *v-t
80. harmattan *kut
81. to hatch *eɬ
82. to hear, understand *hum
83. heart *g-l-s
84. hedgehog *cem
85. to help *njin
86. to hit *p-m
87. to hit, kill *ci
88. hole *z-ɾ
89. horn *mek
90. hunger *me
91. hunt *ɾam
92. hut, compound *z-
93. intestines *r-w-t
94. knee *gif
95. to know, see *wi
96. land, uninhabited and uncultivated *fuɾ
97. larynx, voice *hor
98. leaf, foliage *ɬab
99. to leave, forbid *hin
100. left *guɾ
101. to lift *ɬi
102. liver *duk
103. to lose, disappear *viɗ
104. mahogany (Khaya senegalensis) *g-m
105. man, husband *nj-f
106. mat *ɮat
107. to mature *ceŋ
108. meat, flesh *ɬiw
109. melon *b-
110. milk *mbir
111. to mix *ɬum
112. monkey *vir
113. moon *tiɾ
114. mortar *zu
115. mouth *vun
116. mud, clay *ɾubu
117. mud *dorɓo
118. mushroom *bik
119. name *sem
120. navel *fuk
121. nose *cin
122. to obtain *fi
123. to offer a sacrifice *ɓi vun
124. oil, grease, fat *mbuɾ
125. okra *ɮoɾ-
126. penis *ɗiw
127. people *su
128. person *s-
129. place *ɾi
130. placenta *tuʔom
131. to play *ɾiu
132. pus *ɾ--
133. to put *tin
134. to rain *si
135. rainy season *ndoɾ
136. to receive *fi
137. to recline *b-r
138. red *ɬew
139. to return *hom
140. rhinoceros *gay
141. to ripen *ne
142. road, path *vot
143. to roast *cuf
144. rooster *golok
145. root *s-r
146. rope *zew
147. roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) *ɮembe
148. saliva *ne
149. salt *vu
150. sand *ŋeɬ
151. sauce *mbaɾ
152. to scratch *hurok
153. seed *ir
154. to send *s-n
155. seven *siɗa
156. to shake *gasak
157. sheep *time
158. to shine, flash *wile
159. shoulder, upper arm *bike
160. side, rib *hay
161. six *kargi
162. sleep *sen
163. small *g-
164. spear *sap
165. spirit *ful
166. spirit, shadow *ŋg-s
167. to squeeze *em
168. to stand up *coɾ
169. star *ciw
170. to steal *kuɾ
171. stone *goy
172. story *nd-n
173. to strike *p-m
174. to suck *sop
175. sun *fat
176. sweat *z-mb-ɾ
177. to swim *lus
178. tail *c--
179. to take out *pat
180. tamarind *cin
181. ten *gup
182. three *hindi
183. throat, voice *deɾ
184. to throw *g-
185. throwing knife *b-ɾ
186. time *ɾi
187. tongue *si
188. tooth *s-
189. tree, wood *gu
190. urine *jumbur
191. to vomit *vin
192. vulture *bak
193. warthog *z-ŋ
194. to wash *mbus
195. to wash grain *sal
196. wasp *viŋ
197. to watch *gol
198. water *mb-
199. what *mi
200. to whistle *f-t
201. wind *simbet
202. wound, sore *mbiɾ
203. year *kim
204. yesterday *k-mb-

References

  • Shryock, Aaron. 1997. The classification of the Masa group of languages. Studies in African Linguistics 26(1): 29‒62.
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