Appendix:Proto-Northern Jos reconstructions

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The following list of Proto-Northern Jos reconstructions is from Shimizu (1980: 312-324).

Shimizu's Northern Jos group roughly corresponds to East Kainji in Roger Blench's (2012) classification.[1] Shimizu (1982: 166) considers the Northern Jos branch to be coordinate with Map (Amo) and Tsam (Chawai).

Classification

Classification of Northern Jos according to Shimizu (1982: 165):

Northern Jos
  • R-group
    • Rahama: Ziriya, Sheni
    • South: Janji, Jere, Guta
  • L-group
    • Central
      • Zora (Chokobo)
      • Moro, Sanga
    • North
      • Lere
        • Takaya (Taura)
        • Si (Rishuwa), Gana
      • Lame-Ningi
        • Lame: Gyem, Shau
        • Ningi
          • Kudu (Kuda), Chamo
          • Gamo (Butu), Ningi

List

In the table below, the letters A-F correspond to cognate sets, not subgroups or branches. These are found in certain Northern Jos subgroups, but not universally across Northern Jos. Reconstructions in the Proto-Northern Jos column are more stable lexical items in the Northern Jos group.

Gloss No. Proto-Northern Jos A A1 A2 A3 B B1 B2 C C1 C2 D E F
all 9 *reŋ (kù-) *sum (kù-) pati
arm 51 *ʔara (ù-/tì-)
ashes 84 *to (mà-)
bark 30 *kub (ù-/tì-) fàrà (ù-) *bwòkòlò (ù-/tì-)
be *zV̀
belly 52 *bàŋgì (lì-/à-) *puru (< *buru) (ù-/tì-) *tùm (ù-/tì-)
big 16 *gum (ù ) = many *daŋ (ù-)
bird 23 *nyin (bì-/ì-)
bite 59 *lòmà nòŋà (< *lõŋ < *lòmà ?)
black 90 *bi(t) (ù-)
blood 33 *nyì(aw) (mà-)
bone 34 *hùbà (lì-/à-) càko (lì-/à-)
breast 54 *ʔene (lì-/à-, mà-) (~ *men > m-en ?)
bum 85 ʔesà = eat *puns-
cloud 81 *wete (ù-/tì-) *ara (bù-) (~ *buara> bù-ara ?) = rain B
cold 93 *tù *cammo *zu
come 67 *-ra- hina dia *kwàni yawo kàree (kà + -ra- ?)
die 64 *gwi *wana
dog 24 *ʔèrè (bì-/ì-) *wace (bi-/ì-) ɗaì (ù-) wáì (ù-)
drink 57 *su(z)a
dry 98 *wa(hV) (ù-)
ear 42 *toŋ (ù-/tì-)
earth 80 *nyàŋ(gà) (mà-) *dìzì (ù-) = sand C kìkì (mà-) = sand A shì (mà-)
eat 58 *lia
egg 36 *gwan (lì-/à-)
eight *-ru *riiru, (ù-) (< *lì-ru ?) *wùùru (< *ù-ru ?)
eleven *bèèrèN (< *bì-èrèN?) 10+2
eye 43 **iji (lì-/à-)
fat 35 *tènà (mà-) cf. oil
feather 39 sòbò (lì-/sì-) rùzù (lì-/sì-) *shV̀ = hair A
fill 94 *mbin+ja *mìnja *panza
fire 83 *la (ù-/tì-)
fish 22 *kwàlà (bì-/ì-) *gin (bì-/ì-)
five *shììbì *súù (ù-)
flesh/animal 32 *nama (bì-/ì-)
four *nan+ze (ù-)
give 71 *nya (< *ni+a ?)
go round 97 *(rìŋ)kɨtɨrɨ
good 96 reze (ù-) rèrè (ù-) ree(raw) (mà-) jiba (ù-)
hair 40 *shV̀ (lì-/sì-) *kway (lì-/sì-) = head A? *te (lì-/sì-) = head B?
he/she *wu-a (Ø-, m̀-)
head 41 *kway (ù-/lì-) *te (lì-/à-)
hear 61 *kùnda
heart (liver) 55/(56) *ribwa (bì-/ì-) *nyaŋ (lì-/à-) *nyaw (lì-/ à-) *gwà (lì-/à-)
horn 37 *hùl (lì-/à-)
hot 92 *tùm (mà-) *kway
I *mi
kill 65 *hàna
knee 50 *lun(uŋ) (ù-/tì-)
know 62 *rosa
leaf 28 *bwa (ù-/tì-)
leg 49 *bùnà (ù-/tì-)
lie down 68 *nà+ndo (< *nà + law ?) *tète *là+ndò (< *là + n + law ?) yòto (yò+ to = B ?)
liver 56 see heart 55
long 17 *yaw (ù-)
louse 25 *laŋ (bì-/ì-) kwârkwatà (Hausa)
man 20/21 *rom (ù-/à-) (< *lom ?)
many 10 *gum (ù-) = big A
moon 74 *pyè (ù-/tì-) *bir(mi) (ù-/lì-) ràkà (ù-/tì-)
mountain 87 *zùgà (lì-/à-) wòhò (ù-/tì-) yàrà (ù-/tì-) *càli (lì-/à-) = stone A
mouth 45 *nua (ù-/tì-)
nail 48 *nyoko (bì-/ì-)
name 99 *ji(a) (lì-/sì-)
neck 53 *melo (lì-/à-) gàndu kùrì (lì-/à-) *ruŋ ~ *luŋ (lì-/sì-)
new 95 *saw (ù-)
night 91 *hat (lì-/sì-) (~ *yat ?) *tìyɨ (ù-/tì-)
nine *tòr+ŋwài (10 - 1 ?)
nose 44 *nyimu (bì-/ì-)
not 8 *tà *dà ba (< Hausa?)
oil 35 *noŋ (mà-) *nyi (mà-)
one *wend- (ù-) *diN+kà *dì *hinì (ù-)
path 86 *(rùn+)nà (ù-/tì-)
person/man 20/21 *net (ù-/à-) *nda *no *kar (ù-/à-)
rain 77 *li(a) (ù-/tì-, mà-) *ʔara (bù-) = cloud B = water (+ sky?)
red 88 *gaŋgo (ù-) *vunu (~ *bwunu) (ù-) gɨyɨ (ù-)
root 29 *dìri (ù-/tì-) jì (lì-/sì-) *nyirma (ù-) làŋù (ù-/tì-)
sand 79 *kìkì (bì-/ì-) geŋgè (bì-/ì-) ìmì + dìzì 'thing of earth’?
say 72 *bika gàrà
see 60 *gìndì -ìra ìnda làka andalì
seed 27 *muzu (bì-/ì-) dawa (ù-) sàna (bì-/ì-)
seven *sun + lààre (5 + 2)
sit 69 *cìkɨnɨ
six *tààsè (ù-)
skin 31 *gwàN (ù-/tì-) *raba (ù-/tì-) kaza (lì-/sì-)
sky pànì (ù-)
sleep *law (mà-)
small 18 *can (ù-) baate (ù-) tím̀ (ù-)
smoke 82 *cim(+gù) (mà-) *tu(+la ‘fire’) (mà-)
stand up 70 *hɨrà íyà (ì)tɨ
star 75 *were (with reduplication) (bì-/ì-)
stone 78 *càli (lì-/à-) *paw (lì-/à-) *gɨp (ù-/tì-) (gɨ + paw ‘stone B’ ?)
sun 73 *ŋwayn (ù-/tì-)
tail 38 *rùmɨ̀ (lì-/sì-)
ten *tuuru(g) (bì-)
that 5 *ni
they *ne (ì-, m̀-)
this 4 *gìmi (ù-) *na (ù-)
three *taatu (ù-)
tongue 47 *lelem (lì-/à-)
tooth 46 *ʔini (lì-/à-)
tree *ti (with reduplication) (ù-/tì-)
twelve *kùrì (lì-/à-) 10+2
two *lèère (ù-) *rèèpo ~ lèèpo *reeke *ree (ù-)
walk 66 *hen taano
water 76 *nyi (mà-)
we *ʔàtò
what 7 *ya
white 89 *pyàn(d) (ù-) *ramu (ù-)
who 6 *man(d) *vi (à-)
woman 19 *nda ‘person’ + *-ʔay (ù-/à-) *no ‘person’ + *-ʔay (ù-/à-)
you sg. *bwu (m̀-)
you pl. *ni (ì-, m̀-)

Footnotes

  1. ^ Blench, Roger. 2012. The Kainji languages of northwestern and central Nigeria. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.

References

  • Shimizu, Kiyoshi, 1982. Die North-Jos Gruppe der Plateau=Spreachen Nigerias. Afrika und Übersee, vol. 65.2 (1982), 161-210.
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