Proto-Nyulnyulan reconstructions:
The following reconstruction of Proto-Nyulnyulan is from Stokes & McGregor (2003):[1]
| no. | gloss | Proto-Nyulnyulan |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | and | *a |
| 2. | head | *-alma |
| 3. | child | *baaba |
| 4. | scorpion | *baarn |
| 5. | deaf (ENN ‘forget’) | *bab |
| 6. | brother (older) (B+) | *babala |
| 7. | paperbark coolamon | *bakarl |
| 8. | when | *bana |
| 9. | feather (ENN ‘bird’) | *bandal |
| 10. | carpet snake | *baninyburu |
| 11. | smell | **-banyju |
| 12. | poison for stunning fish | *banyjud |
| 13. | east | *banu |
| 14. | full up | **-bardika |
| 15. | cover over, extinguish | **-barnd |
| 16. | goanna | *barni |
| 17. | exchange, reflexive/reciprocal IV | **-barnj |
| 18. | think | **-barribarri |
| 19. | wallaby | *barrjaniny |
| 20. | cold season, winter | *barrkana |
| 21. | turkey, bustard | *barrkar |
| 22. | catfish | *barulu |
| 23. | behind | *baybirr |
| 24. | shade | *biika |
| 25. | twinkle, twitch | *bilbil |
| 26. | aggressive, wild, angry, fight | *bili |
| 27. | soul, spirit | *bilyurr |
| 28. | butterfly, moth | *bindabinda |
| 29. | long pearlshell pendant | *binyjabinyja |
| 30. | bark coolamon | *binyjin |
| 31. | spring | *birlarr |
| 32. | hit, kill | *-bu |
| 33. | flower | *bubu |
| 34. | nape of neck | *buda |
| 35. | dream, dreamtime | *bukarri |
| 36. | middle, in between, on the way | *bulngurru |
| 37. | tired, exhausted | *bulyji |
| 38. | bite | **-bundarr(a) |
| 39. | shit, excrement | *burda |
| 40. | dance | *burrb |
| 41. | string | *burrurr |
| 42. | camp, place, country | *buru |
| 43. | blow | *buu |
| 44. | ant species | *buya |
| 45. | hammer | *da |
| 46. | deaf | *dakidaki |
| 47. | chin, lower jaw | *dangku |
| 48. | turn | *dibirr |
| 49. | kidney | *dilba |
| 50. | fly | *dumbarra |
| 51. | drink | **-(i)bi |
| 52. | ask | **-jabala |
| 53. | see | **-jala |
| 54. | pelican | *jalinymarr |
| 55. | fall | **-jalku |
| 56. | magic power, healing potential | *jalngka |
| 57. | doctor (‘medicine man’) | *jalngkangurru |
| 58. | cousin | *jalwal |
| 59. | mother’s father (MF) | *jam |
| 60. | axe | *jamiyunu |
| 61. | wife’s father (WF) | *jamunyarri |
| 62. | where | *jana |
| 63. | tread, step, trample | **-janbu |
| 64. | calf | *jangkala |
| 65. | break | **-jangkulu |
| 66. | split | *ja(r)l |
| 67. | harmonic generation | *jarndu |
| 68. | lift up, carry | *jarrbard |
| 69. | tooth | *jarringk |
| 70. | say, do | **-ji ~ *-di |
| 71. | downwards | *jidlarra |
| 72. | boomerang | *jiiba |
| 73. | down, below, inside | *jimbin |
| 74. | spear type | *jinal |
| 75. | shooting star | *jirirr |
| 76. | sing | *jirrmu |
| 77. | corpse | *jiwarri |
| 78. | tell | **-julnga |
| 79. | fire | *jungku |
| 80. | suck | *juny |
| 81. | run | *jurnk |
| 82. | downwards | *jurr |
| 83. | snake | *jurru |
| 84. | pour out | *jur(r)urr |
| 85. | carry | **-ka |
| 86. | bone | *kaanyji |
| 87. | father’s mother | *kabali |
| 88. | liver (ENN, except Jk ‘guts’) | *kabir |
| 89. | ashes (cold) | *kajurd |
| 90. | lose, drop | **-kalbarr |
| 91. | up, above | *kalbu |
| 92. | already, finished | *kaliya |
| 93. | father’s father (FF) | *kalurd |
| 94. | mother’s mother (MM) | *kamirda |
| 95. | murderer, ritual killer | *kanarbin |
| 96. | become fat/well nourished | **-kanb |
| 97. | laugh | **-ka(n)ma |
| 98. | spit, saliva | *kararr |
| 99. | enter, go in | **-kard |
| 100. | clapsticks | *karn- |
| 101. | kangaroo species, large | *karrabulu |
| 102. | shield | *karrbina |
| 103. | call out | *kawu |
| 104. | choke, strangle | *kiny |
| 105. | this, he, she, it | *kinya |
| 106. | brolga | *kudarrawany |
| 107. | two | *kujarra |
| 108. | west | *kularr |
| 109. | frill-necked lizard | *kulamana |
| 110. | sleep | *kulin |
| 111. | yellow | *kumbarri |
| 112. | blood | *kunbulu |
| 113. | carry on shoulder, shoulder | *kundi |
| 114. | brain, spinal marrow | *kunykuny |
| 115. | saltwater turtle | *kurlibil |
| 116. | dingo | *kurridi |
| 117. | sky | *kurrwal |
| 118. | blood | *kururr |
| 119. | pearlshell | *kuwan |
| 120. | ear | *-lababa |
| 121. | climb | *lakal |
| 122. | hear | **-lakarra |
| 123. | dry | *lalka |
| 124. | ear passage | *-lamarr |
| 125. | throat, neck | *langan |
| 126. | know, understand, recognise | **-langka |
| 127. | possum | *langkurr |
| 128. | steal, abduct | *lanyb |
| 129. | fat, grease | *layda |
| 130. | sour taste | *limba |
| 131. | sour taste | *linyju |
| 132. | saltwater crocodile | *linykurra |
| 133. | mouth | *-lirr |
| 134. | heart, emotion | *liyan |
| 135. | blue-tongue lizard | *lungkura |
| 136. | bum | **-lurru |
| 137. | put | **-ma |
| 138. | afternoon | *majal |
| 139. | path, road | *makirr |
| 140. | bag, coolamon | *malbulu |
| 141. | nose | *-mal(ul) |
| 142. | shadow, reflected image | *-mandarr |
| 143. | bustard, scrub turkey | *mangkayarra |
| 144. | throat | *-manya |
| 145. | arm, hand | *-marla |
| 146. | hungry | *marr- |
| 147. | bum | **-marra |
| 148. | shadow, reflection | *-marraj |
| 149. | head | *marru |
| 150. | vegetable food | *mayi |
| 151. | armpit | *-mbarrma |
| 152. | foot | *-mbala |
| 153. | male of species | *mida |
| 154. | shin, knee | *-midi |
| 155. | lie, untruth | *miila |
| 156. | be sitting down | *mijala |
| 157. | arise, get up, wake up | **-milka |
| 158. | stick implement | *milkin |
| 159. | ankle, joint | *mil(y)ku |
| 160. | grandparent/grandchild (diminutive) | *mimi |
| 161. | eye | *-miny |
| 162. | only | *minyjan |
| 163. | club, nulla nulla | *nawurla |
| 164. | devil, bad spirit | *ngaarri |
| 165. | woomera | *ngabaliny |
| 166. | spongy, hollow | *ngak |
| 167. | cry | **-ngalka |
| 168. | breast | *ngamarna |
| 169. | language, speech, speak | *nganka |
| 170. | interrogative particle | *nganyji |
| 171. | leave | **-ngarl |
| 172. | night? | *ngimbirr |
| 173. | belly | *-ngu |
| 174. | alone, by oneself | *ngudirr |
| 175. | throw | **-ngula |
| 176. | beard (WNN ‘feelers of catfish’) | *ngul(y)ku |
| 177. | ashes | *ngurlun |
| 178. | piss, urine | *ngurndu |
| 179. | night | *ngurra |
| 180. | be, sit | **-ni ~ *-nga |
| 181. | sandhill | *niimar(r) |
| 182. | flying fox | *nimanburru |
| 183. | true, really | *ningarra |
| 184. | tasty, sweet | *niyarra |
| 185. | corroboree, song | *nulu |
| 186. | hot, sweat | *nundurr |
| 187. | alive | *nunyji |
| 188. | fire, (hot) coals | *nurru |
| 189. | get, catch, pick up | **-nya |
| 190. | pierce, spear | **-ra |
| 191. | parent-in-law (male) (WF?, HF) | *rambarr |
| 192. | parent-in-law (female) (WM, HM) | *rangin |
| 193. | pubic covering for initiated man | *riiji |
| 194. | charcoal | *rirrka |
| 195. | eat | **-rli |
| 196. | exchange, return, in turn, barter | *rurrb |
| 197. | anus | *-uru |
| 198. | suddenly, unexpectedly | *waangka |
| 199. | frog type | *walak |
| 200. | sun | *walka |
| 201. | man | *wamba |
| 202. | coolamon type | *wandarl |
| 203. | wind | *wangal |
| 204. | young man | *wangalangu |
| 205. | spider, spider’s web, net | *wangkarra |
| 206. | wattle type | *wangkaya |
| 207. | crow | *wangkidi |
| 208. | other | *warany |
| 209. | one | *waranyjarri |
| 210. | north | *wardiya |
| 211. | meat | *warli |
| 212. | rag, cloth | *wara |
| 213. | rib | *wiirri |
| 214. | emu | *winini |
| 215. | louse | *wirnka |
| 216. | taste, try | **-wirrik |
| 217. | give | **-wu |
| 218. | water | *wula |
| 219. | joke, fun | *wungul |
| 220. | crawl | *yadab |
| 221. | husband (H, HB) | *yaku |
| 222. | ahead, front, first | *yalirr |
| 223. | standing | *yalku |
| 224. | south (WNN ‘south wind’) | *yalmban |
| 225. | lick | *yaly |
| 226. | tongue | *-yangala |
| 227. | who, what | *yangki |
| 228. | woomera | *yarnkal |
| 229. | no, not | *yarri |
| 230. | father (F, FB) | *yibala |
| 231. | sickness | *yiika |
| 232. | dog | *yila |
| 233. | disharmonic generation | *yinar |
| 234. | wattle type (used for spears) | *yirrakulu |
| 235. | tree type (boomerang) | *yirrkili |
| 236. | descend, sink, go down | *yuwurr |
| Vocabulary lists of Indo-Pacific languages |
|---|
| Papuan |
|
p-Trans-New Guinea • p-Northern Adelbert • p-Sogeram • Bayono-Awbono • Paniai Lakes • Kolopom • Bulaka River • Pauwasi • p-South Bougainville • p-Lower Sepik • p-Watam-Awar-Gamay • p-Lakes Plain • p-North Halmahera • p-Timor-Alor-Pantar • p-Alor-Pantar • Tayap • Massep |
| Australian |
|
North Australian (basic) • p-Nyulnyulan • p-Mirndi • p-Gunwinyguan • Limilngan • Umbugarla • Minkin • Tiwi • Malak-Malak • Pama-Nyungan • p-Pama-Nyungan • p-Arandic • p-Thura-Yura • p-Ngayarda |
| Others |
|
p-Dravidian • Dravidian • Bonda • Kusunda • Nihali • Kenaboi • p-Ongan |